3. Wave I 1780-1787 Ancien Regime Series of droughts Skyrocketing price of bread High debt from American Revolution France will not repudiate debt And won’t tax 1st and 2nd Estate

4. The French Monarchy: 1775 - 1793 Marie Antoinette & Louis XVI

5. Socio-Economic Data, 1789

6. The French Urban Poor

7. aUrban Commoner’s Budget: –Food 80% –Rent 25% –Tithe 10% –Taxes 35% –Clothing 20% –TOTAL 170% aKing’s Budget: –Interest 50% –Army 25% –Versailles 25% –Coronation 10% –Loans 25% –Admin. 25% –TOTAL 160% Financial Problems in France, 1789

8. French Budget, 1774

9. Where is the tax money?

10. Ancien Regime Map, 1789

11. Wave 2 1787-June 1789 Estates – General meets to discuss king’s tax & France’s financial problems

12. Commoners 3rd Estate Aristocracy 2nd Estate Clergy 1st Estate The Suggested Voting Pattern: Voting by Estates 1 1 1 Louis XIV insisted that the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved in its entirety.

13. Commoners 3rd Estate Aristocracy 2nd Estate Clergy 1st Estate The Number of Representatives in the Estates General: Vote by Head! 300 648

14. Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes 1 st What is the Third Estate? Everything! 2 nd What has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing! 3 rd What does it demand? To become something therein! Abbé Sieyès 1748-1836

15. Convening the Estates General May, 1789 Last time it was called into session was 1614!

16. 3 rd Estate writes the Cahiers –Peasants’ list of grievances with the government, the king, etc. …The meetings of the Estates General of the kingdom should be fixed for definite periods… …the civil rights of those of the king's subjects who are not Catholics should be confirmed, and they should be admitted to positions and offices in the public administration…

17. “The Third Estate Awakens” YThe commoners finally presented their credentials not as delegates of the Third Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.” YThey proclaimed themselves the “National Assembly” of France.

18. “The Tennis Court Oath” by Jacques Louis David June 20, 1789

19. Europe on the Eve of the French Revolution

20. Wave 3 July 14, 1789 – Oct. 1789

21. Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789 YA rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly. Y18 died. Y73 wounded. Y7 guards killed. YIt held 7 prisoners [5 ordinary criminals & 2 madmen].

22. The Great Fear: Peasant Revolt (July 20, 1789) YRumors that the feudal aristocracy [the aristos] were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land.

23. The Path of the “Great Fear”

24. Night Session of August 4, 1789 Y Before the night was over:  The feudal regime in France had been abolished.  All Frenchmen were, at least in principle, subject to the same laws and the same taxes and eligible for the same offices. Equality & Meritocracy! Equality & Meritocracy!

25. National Constituent Assembly 1789 - 1791 August Decrees August 4-11, 1789 (A renunciation of aristocratic privileges!) Liberté! Egalité! Fraternité!

26. BUT..... Y Feudal dues were not renounced outright [this had been too strong a threat to the principle of private property!] Y Peasants would compensate their landlords through a series of direct payments for obligations from which they had supposedly been freed.  Therefore, the National Assembly made revolutionary gestures, but remained essentially moderate. Their Goal Their Goal Safeguard the right of private property!!

27. The Tricolor (1789) The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of Paris. Citizen! Citizen!

28. The Tricolor is the Fashion!

29. The “Liberty Cap”: Bonne Rouge

30. Revolutionary Symbols Cockade Revolutionary Clock La Republic Liberté

31. Revolutionary Playing Cards

32. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen August 26, 1789 VLiberty! VProperty! VResistance to oppression!

33. March of the Women, October 4-6, 1789 We want the baker, the baker’s wife and the baker’s boy! A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread. Force Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette to return to Paris.

34. The “October Days” (1789) The king was thought to be surrounded by evil advisors at Versailles so he was forced to move to Paris and reside at the Tuileries Palace.

35. Wave 4 Oct. 1789-Aug. 1792

36. Planting the Tree of Liberty 1790

37. Sir Edmund Burke (1790): Reflections on the Revolution in France The conservative response to the French Revolution

38. Factions are created in the National Assembly Jacobins: REFORMERS – Goal: create a republic & free market economy because commoners have suffered under gov’t controls Montagnards (The Mountain): RADICALS – Goal: overthrow the gov’t & give power to the people – supported by the “sans culottes” Girondins: Faction of Jacobins – Goal: promote international revolutions, war with Austria

39. The Jacobins Jacobin Meeting House  They held their meetings in the library of a former Jacobin monastery in Paris.  Started as a debating society.  Membership mostly middle class.  Created a vast network of clubs.

40. The Sans-Culottes: The Parisian Working Class  Small shopkeepers.  Tradesmen.  Artisans. They shared many of the ideals of their middle class representatives in government!

41. How to Finance the New Govt.? 1. Confiscate Church Lands (1790) One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period.

42. 2. Print Assignats V Issued by the National Constituent Assembly. V Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands as security.

43. Depreciation of the Assignat V Whoever acquired them were entitled to certain privileges in the purchase of church land. V The state would retire the notes as the land was sold. V They began circulating as paper currency.  Government printed more  INFLATION [they lost 99% of their value ultimately].  Therefore, future governments paid off their creditors with cheap money.

44. 83 Revolutionary Departments February 26, 1790

45. The Civil Constitution of the Clergy The Civil Constitution of the Clergy July 12, 1790 Church is made a branch of the state

46. New Relations Between Church & State V Government paid the salaries of the French clergy and maintained the churches. V The church was reorganized:  Parish priests  elected by the district assemblies.  Bishops  named by the department assemblies.  The pope had NO voice in the appointment of the French clergy. VIt transformed France’s Roman Catholic Church into a branch of the state!! Pope Pius VI [1775-1799]

47. Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791

48. Constitution of 1791

49. The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government VThe king got the “suspensive” veto [which prevented the passage of laws for 4 years].  He could not pass laws.  His ministers were responsible for their own actions. VA permanent, elected, single chamber National Assembly.  Had the power to grant taxation. VAn independent judiciary.

50. The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government V“Active” Citizen [who pays taxes amounting to 3 days labor] could vote vs. “Passive” Citizen.  1/3 of adult males were denied the franchise.  Domestic servants were also excluded. VA newly elected LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. GOAL  Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!

51. The Royal Family Attempts to Flee Y July, 1791 Y Helped by the Swedish Count Hans Axel von Fusen [Marie Antoinette’s lover]. Y Headed toward the Luxembourg border. Y The King was recognized at Varennes, near the border

52. Europe Responds as the Revolution Grows August 1791 – Declaration of Pillnitz – Austria and Prussia pledge to intervene to protect the royal family April 1792 – France declares war on Austria and Prussia

53. The First Coalition & The Brunswick Manifesto (August 3, 1792) FRANCE 1792- 1797 AUSTRIA PRUSSIA BRITAIN SPAIN PIEDMONT Duke of Brunswick  if the Royal Family is harmed, Paris will be leveled!! This military crisis undermined the new Legislative Assembly.

54. French Soldiers & the Tricolor: Vive Le Patrie! VThe French armies were ill-prepared for the conflict. V½ of the officer corps had emigrated. VMany men disserted. VNew recruits were enthusiastic, but ill-trained. VFrench troops often broke ranks and fled in disorder.

55. French Expansion: 1791-1799

56. Wave 5 Beginning of the Reign of Terror Sept. 1792-1793

57. Attitudes & actions of monarchy & court Fear of Counter- Revolution Religious divisions Political divisions War Economic Crises The Causes of Instability in France 1792 - 1795

58. Committee for Public Safety  Revolutionary Tribunals.  300,000 arrested.  16,000 – 50,000 executed.

59. Maximillian Robespierre (1758 – 1794)

60. Georges Jacques Danton (1759 – 1794)

61. Jean-Paul Marat (1744 – 1793)

62. The Political Spectrum Jacobins Montagnards (“The Mountain”) Girondists Monarchíen (Royalists) 1790s: The Plain (swing votes) TODAY:

63. The Politics of the National Convention (1792-1795) Montagnards Girondists  Power base in Paris.  Main support from the sans-culottes.  Would adopt extreme measures to achieve their goals.  Saw Paris as the center of the Revolution.  More centralized [in Paris] approach to government.  Power base in the provinces.  Feared the influence of the sans-culottes.  Feared the dominance of Paris in national politics.  Supported more national government centralization [federalism].

64. Louis XVI as a Pig c For the Montagnards, the king was a traitor. c The Girondins felt that the Revolution had gone far enough and didn’t want to execute the king [maybe exile him].

65. To Execute or Not to Execute?

66. Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, 1793) c The trial of the king was hastened by the discovery in a secret cupboard in the Tuilieres of a cache of documents. c They proved conclusively Louis’ knowledge and encouragement of foreign intervention. c The National Convention voted 387 to 334 to execute the monarchs.

67. The Death of “Citizen” Louis Capet Matter for reflection for the crowned jugglers. So impure blood doesn’t soil our land!

68. Marie Antoinette as a Serpent The “Widow Capet”

69. Marie Antoinette on the Way to the Guillotine Marie Antoinette on the Way to the Guillotine

70. Marie Antoinette Died in October, 1793

71. Attempts to Control the Growing Crisis 1.Revolutionary Tribunal in Paris  try suspected counter-revolutionaries (“enemies of the state. A.Representatives-on-Mission esent to the provinces & to the army. ehad wide powers to oversee conscription. B. Watch Committees [comité de surveillance] ekeep an eye on foreigners & suspects. C. Sanctioned the trial & execution of rebels and émigrés, should they ever return to France.

72. Attempts to Control the Growing Crisis 2.T he printing of more assignats to pay for the war. Prices rise – INFLATION! 3.C ommittee of Public Safety [CPS] eteteteto oversee and speed up the work of the government during this crisis. 4.C ommittee of General Security [CGS] ererereresponsible for the pursuit of counter-revolutionaries, the treatment of suspects, & other internal security matters.

73. Wave VI Height of Reign of Terror Aug. 1793- Jul.1794

74. The Reign of Terror Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible. -- Robespierre Let terror be the order of the day! c The Revolutionary Tribunal of Paris alone executed 2,639 victims in 15 months. c The total number of victims nationwide was over 20,000!

75. Different Social Classes Executed 28% 31% 25% 8% 7%

76. The Levee en Masse: An Entire Nation at Arms! – 500,000 Soldiers An army based on merit, not birth!

77. Religious Terror: De-Christianization (1793-1794)  The Catholic Church was linked with real or potential counter-revolution.  Religion was associated with the Ancien Régime and superstitious practices.  Very popular among the sans-culottes.  Therefore, religion had no place in a rational, secular republic!

78. The De-Christianization Program 1.The adoption of a new Republican Calendar: eabolished Sundays & religious holidays. emonths named after seasonal features. e7-day weeks replaced by 10-day decades. ethe yearly calendar was dated from the creation of the Republic [Sept. 22, 1792] The Convention symbolically divorced the state from the Church!!

79. A Republican Calendar

80. The New Republican Calendar Vendemaire(Vintage) 22 September-21 October Brumaire(Fog) 22 October-20 November Frimaire(Frost) 21 November-20 December Nivose(Snow) 21 December-19 January Pluviose(Rain) 20 January-18 February Ventose(Wind) 19 February-20 March Germinal(Budding)21 March-19 April Floreal(Flowers)20 April-19 May Prairial(Meadows)20 May-18 June Messidor(Harvest)19 June-18 July Thermidor(Heat)19 July-17 August Fructidor(Fruit) 18 August-21 September New NameMeaningTime Period VendemaireVintageSeptember 22 – October 21 BrumaireFogOctober 22 – November 20 FrimaireFrostNovember 21 – December 20 NivoseSnowDecember 21 – January 19 PluvioseRainJanuary 20 – February 18 VentoseWindFebruary 19 – March 20 GerminalBuddingMarch 21 – April 19 FlorealFlowersApril 20 – May 19 PrairialMeadowMay 20 – June 18 MessidorHarvestJune 19 – July 18 ThermidorHeatJuly 19 – August 17 FructidorFruitAugust 18 – September 21

81. A New Republican Calendar Year Vendemaire(Vintage) 22 September-21 October Brumaire(Fog) 22 October-20 November Frimaire(Frost) 21 November-20 December Nivose(Snow) 21 December-19 January Pluviose(Rain) 20 January-18 February Ventose(Wind) 19 February-20 March Germinal(Budding)21 March-19 April Floreal(Flowers)20 April-19 May Prairial(Meadows)20 May-18 June Messidor(Harvest)19 June-18 July Thermidor(Heat)19 July-17 August Fructidor(Fruit) 18 August-21 September I1792 – 1793 II1793 – 1794 III1794 – 1795 IV1795 – 1796 V1796 – 1797 VI1797 – 1798 VII1798 – 1799 VIII1799 – 1800 IX1800 – 1801 X1801 – 1802 XI1802 – 1803 XII1803 – 1804 XIII1804 – 1805 XIV1805 The Gregorian System returned in 1806.

82. The De-Christianization Program 2.The public exercise of religion was banned. 3.The Paris Commune supported the: edestruction of religious & royal statues. eban on clerical dress. eencouragement of the clergy to give up their vocations. 4.The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the “Temple of Reason.” 5.The deportation of priests denounced by six citizens.

83. The “Temple of Reason” Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, Become the goddess of the French people.

84. The Festival of Supreme Being A new secular holiday

85. Backlash to the De-Christianization Program  It alienated most of the population (especially in the rural areas).  Robespierre never supported it.  he persuaded the Convention to reaffirm the principle of religious toleration.  Decree on the “Liberty of Cults” was passed  December 6, 1793.  BUT, it had little practical effect!

86. The Terror Intensified: March to July, 1794 ÔLaw of 22 Prairial [June 10, 1794].  Trials were now limited to deciding only on liberty OR death, with defendants having no rights.  Were you an “enemy of the people?” (the law was so broadly written that almost anyone could fall within its definition!) Ô1,500 executed between June & July. Danton & the “Indulgents” Jacques Hébert & the Hérbetists Executed in April, 1794 Executed in March, 1794

87. The “Thermidorean Reaction,” 1794 PJuly 26  Robespierre gives a speech illustrating new plots & conspiracies.  he alienated members of the CPS & CGS.  many felt threatened by his implications. PJuly 27  the Convention arrests Robespierre. PJuly 28  Robespierre is tried & guillotined!

88. The Arrest of Robespierre

89. The Revolution Consumes Its Own Children! Danton Awaits Execution, 1793 Robespierre Lies Wounded Before the Revolutionary Tribunal that will order him to be guillotined, 1794.

90. The “Thermidorian Reaction” VCurtailed the power of the Committee for Public Safety. VClosed the Jacobin Clubs. VChurches were reopened.  1795  freedom of worship for all cults was granted. VEconomic restrictions were lifted in favor of laissez-faire policies. VAugust, 1795  a new Constitution is written  more conservative republicanism.

91. Wave 7 Jul. 1794 - 1799

92. Political Instability: 1795-1796  April, 1795  Inflation; bread riots.  May 20, 1795  Revolt of Prairial [Year III]  October, 1795 :  Vendée and Brittany revolted.  Military suppressed them.  May, 1796  First “communist” revolt  Gracchus Babeuf and the Conspiracy of Equals”

93. Napoleon – The War Hero Napoleon’s campaign forces Austria to sign the Treaty of Campo Formeo Napoleon returns to Paris the “Conquering Hero!

94. Coup de Fructidor Sept. 1797 Establishment of the Directory Napoleon begins his Egyptian Campaign against the British.

95. Characteristics of the Directory VThe Paris Commune was outlawed. VThe Law of 22 Prairial was revoked. VPeople involved in the original Terror were now attacked  “White” Terror VInflation continues. VRule by rich bourgeois liberals. VSelf-indulgence  frivolous culture; salons return; wild fashions. VPolitical corruption. VRevival of Catholicism.

96. The Government Structure of the New Directory V5-man executive committee or oligarchy [to avoid a dictatorship]. VTried to avoid the dangers of a one-house legislature.  Council of 500  initiates legislation.  Council of Elders [250 members]  married or widowed males over 40 years of age. o They accepted or rejected the legislation.  Both houses elected by electors who owned or rented property worth 100-200 days’ labor [limited to 30,000 voters].  The electors were elected by all males over 21 who were taxpayers.

97. 18 Brumaire (Nov. 9, 1799)  Coup d’état by Napoleon.  Approved by a plebiscite in December.  Abbe Sieyès: Confidence from below; authority from above.

98. A British Cartoon about Napoleon’s Coup in 1799

99. Results of the French Revolution?

100. Bibliographic Resources « “Hist210—Europe in the Age of Revolutions.” http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history/courses/europe1/ chron/rch5.htm http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history/courses/europe1/ chron/rch5.htm http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history/courses/europe1/ chron/rch5.htm « “Liberty, Fraternity, Equality: Exploring the French Revolution.” http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/ http://chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/ « Matthews, Andrew. Revolution and Reaction: Europe, 1789-1849. Cambridge University Press, 2001. « “The Napoleonic Guide.” http://www.napoleonguide.com/index.htm http://www.napoleonguide.com/index.htm «Pojer, Sue. Horace Greeley HS. http://www.historyteacher.net/ http://www.historyteacher.net/