1. Unit 10: Leson #1

2. Warm-Up!!! Beginning of the year TRIVIA!!! What were the first two civilizations to settle in the fertile crescent area? What was the only early civilization not to settle in a river valley? Who formed the first system of writing? In Ancient Rome, which class had the most power? Which type of Christianity was practiced by the Byzantine Empire?

3. Did You Know? Tug of War was an Olympic event between 1900 and 1920. When basketball was first invented the hoops were a peach baskets with a bottom. Each time they made a basket the referee would climb on a ladder and get the ball. Also, a soccer ball was used. The rules were maintained until 1891. A man named Charles Osbourne had the hiccups for approximately sixty-nine years. It’s possible to lead a cow upstairs, but not downstairs.

4. Introduction During the late medieval period (1000 year period after the fall of the Roman Empire, also known as Dark Ages), some of the feudal states of Europe developed into strong nation-states. Nation-state defined: large group of people who are ruled by one central government that share a common language and feel a sense of loyalty to the group. France, England, Spain, and Russia.

5. Introduction, Cont. The rise of nation- states marked the decline of feudalism and the decline of the political power of the Catholic Church.

6. France and England: Beginnings Following the line of Frankish kings (Carolingian), Hugh Capet (and his successors, knows as the Capetian kings) established the French throne in Paris, and his dynasty oversaw the expansion of the kingdom of France. Directly west of Capet’s Paris estate on the French coast, lived the Duke of Normandy, later called William the Conqueror.

7. France and England: Beginnings In 1066, William the Conqueror and his Normans set out to add the lands across the English Channel, controlled by the Anglo-Saxons to his holdings. After victory on the British Isles, William the Conqueror ruled England and most of modern-day France, centralizing the power of the monarchy. The Normans spoke French and were vassals (Feudalism) of the French King.

8. France and England: Beginnings Over time, the French began to see the Normans as foreigners. Authority of the Normans was centralized across the English Channel in England. The following centuries would see the Capetian kings fight to gain the lands along the French coast from the Normans. Fighting between the English and French kings caused the people of England and France to view the others as a separate nation.

9. France and England: Beginnings England Unifies Common Law Soon after the death of William the Conqueror (fell of his horse/stomach injuries) King Henry II (1154-1189) established common law and jury trials. Common law - rulings made by the King's courts were made according to the common custom of the realm (all of England). Further unifies England. Many English nobles did not support Common law because it limited their power. NOBLES SAY “NEIGH”!!

10. France and England: Beginnings Pressure from the Nobility leads to changes. Magna Carta In 1215, due to pressure from the English nobles, King John signed the Magna Carta (also known as Great Charter). Limited royal power (king) and gave the nobles more of a say in governance. Document will later influence the writing of the U.S. Constitution. Nobles Say ‘YAY”!!

11. France and England: Beginnings Beginnings of Parliament Soon after the Magna Carta was signed, King Edward I created the Model Parliament made up of people from the clergy, nobility, and merchant class to advise the king. Model Parliament would evolve into the current Parliament system, comprised of two houses: the House of Lords (upper house) and Commons (lower house).

12. France and England: Beginnings Hundred Years’ War and Joan of Arc Fighting from 1337- 1453 between France and England over territory in northwestern France was known as the Hundred Years’ War. England was dominating the war until a 17-year-old peasant girl, Joan of Arc, emerged onto the scene.

13. France and England: Beginnings Believed she received messages from God to help return the French king to the throne. Supplied with an army by Charles, the heir to the French throne, Joan of Arc achieved a significant victory at the Battle of Orleans. The French, united under their king and motivated by the victory of Joan of Arc, pushed the English forces from France by 1453. The Hundred Years’ War helped define both England and France as individual nations.

14. Did You Know? Men are 6 times more likely to be struck by lightning than women. John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln in a theatre and was found in a warehouse. Lee Harvey Oswald shot Kennedy from a warehouse and was found in a theatre. It is estimated that millions of trees in the world are accidently planted by squirrels who bury nuts and then forget them. Kampang School in northeastern Thailand is the first school to open a toilet for transvestite pupils.

15. The Beginnings of Spain Ferdinand and Isabella In 710, Spain was conquered by the Muslims (referred to as Moors in Spain). After centuries of Christian nobles fighting countless wars to regain control of the country from the Moors, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, who ruled separate parts of Spain, married in 1469 and joined their lands to form one Christian monarchy.

16. The Beginnings of Spain The newly joined monarchy was now powerful enough to drive the Moors out of Spain. Reconquista (re- conquering) was the act of driving the Moors out of Spain. Placed importance on expanding the power and control of Spain. Paid for Christopher Columbus’s voyage.

17. The Beginnings of Spain Charles V Charles V expanded the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere (New Spain). Commissioned conquistadors like Hernando Cortes and Francisco Pizzaro to explore and claim new lands in the Americas (fall of Aztecs and Incas). Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigation of the globe in 1522.

18. Russia Defeating the Mongols (conquered the Islamic empire at Baghdad). The Mongols, an aggressive people from China, had invaded and taken control from the Russians of the territory around modern-day Moscow. Mongols gave local control to princes and forced them to pay tribute. The princes’ lands were called principalities. Moscow was a principality that was gradually increasing in power.

19. Russia Ivan III, known as Ivan the Great, was the prince of Moscow and challenged Mongol rule by refusing to pay tribute. The Mongols threatened to attack Moscow, but did not because Moscow’s power had become too strong (economy and military). Ivan the Great becomes Czar Ivan declared himself Czar (tsar), the Russian word for Caesar or emperor. Developed a code of laws. Attacked neighboring Mongol forces and expanded Moscow’s territory uniting a growing number of Russians under the rule of a single Russian government.

20. Russia Ivan wanted Moscow to become the location of a great Christian empire like the Byzantine Empire. This focus on the Orthodox Church produced another level of unification for the growing Russian nation-state.