1. Group 1 Community Based Adaptation

2. The Process Presented two case studies Presented two case studies Case studies came with a set of research questions Case studies came with a set of research questions Reviewed all the concept notes Reviewed all the concept notes Defined the characteristics of CBA Defined the characteristics of CBA Added to the research questions Added to the research questions Defined action research in the context of CBA Defined action research in the context of CBA Grouped the questions into broad categories Grouped the questions into broad categories Finally, suggested ways of practical follow up to creating larger projects/programmatic Finally, suggested ways of practical follow up to creating larger projects/programmatic

3. Characteristics of an Action Research CBA project Participatory Participatory Localised to and focused on vulnerable communities that derive their livelihood from same pool of resources Localised to and focused on vulnerable communities that derive their livelihood from same pool of resources A learning by doing approach whilst reflecting is crucial for implementing CBAs A learning by doing approach whilst reflecting is crucial for implementing CBAs Inadequate adaptive capacity to climate change/variability Inadequate adaptive capacity to climate change/variability Recognising, identifying and incorporating (within project design and implementation) the different roles of institutions involved (local (NGOs and CBOs, research, governments etc.), social interactions and relationships Recognising, identifying and incorporating (within project design and implementation) the different roles of institutions involved (local (NGOs and CBOs, research, governments etc.), social interactions and relationships Should be undertaken in partnership with all relevant stakeholders which empowers the target beneficiaries Should be undertaken in partnership with all relevant stakeholders which empowers the target beneficiaries

4. Characteristics of an Action Research CBA project Understanding and enhancing the basis for resilience of local communities and sustainability promotion Understanding and enhancing the basis for resilience of local communities and sustainability promotion Use and develop local criteria to understand poverty and wealth at local levels Use and develop local criteria to understand poverty and wealth at local levels Use and the promotion of both scientific/expert and local knowledge to promote bottom up processes Use and the promotion of both scientific/expert and local knowledge to promote bottom up processes Undertake/promote/activate intra/inter-community cross visits/exchange of knowledge amongst all stakeholders Undertake/promote/activate intra/inter-community cross visits/exchange of knowledge amongst all stakeholders Enhancing local knowledge and strengthening existing institutional (including existing processes) capacity Enhancing local knowledge and strengthening existing institutional (including existing processes) capacity Takes into consideration issues of ownership and power relations Takes into consideration issues of ownership and power relations Local ownership of processes and outcomes for adapting to CC Local ownership of processes and outcomes for adapting to CC Need to expand CBA project up to policy level Need to expand CBA project up to policy level

5. Additional points Need to understand diversity within communities Need to understand diversity within communities Climate variability more critical climate change Climate variability more critical climate change Need to respect both local and scientific knowledge Need to respect both local and scientific knowledge Current local coping strategies may not be effective or sustainable Current local coping strategies may not be effective or sustainable Need for a set of indicators to document successful adaptation to CC strategies Need for a set of indicators to document successful adaptation to CC strategies The poor are the most vulnerable to CC/CV The poor are the most vulnerable to CC/CV

6. Definition of Action Research for CBAs Action research is an interactive process of applied participatory enquiry undertaken within a partnership of stakeholders (members of a vulnerable community, resource persons and institutions). Action research is an interactive process of applied participatory enquiry undertaken within a partnership of stakeholders (members of a vulnerable community, resource persons and institutions). It mobilizes knowledge and creativity to design innovative solutions to problems, apply these in practice, reflect on the results and the process, and to iteratively re-design the process itself It mobilizes knowledge and creativity to design innovative solutions to problems, apply these in practice, reflect on the results and the process, and to iteratively re-design the process itself

7. Key Research Questions: 1. Definition: How to differentiate between mainstream development versus the additional component of adaptation to climate change? 2. Mainstreaming: How to integrate adaptation to climate change issues into urban issues: focus on integrated demand management? How to integrate adaptation to climate change issues into urban issues: focus on integrated demand management? How to design a feasible and sustainable CBA project with climate change science at the core? How to design a feasible and sustainable CBA project with climate change science at the core? How can we mainstream climate change/variability considerations into development programs? How can we mainstream climate change/variability considerations into development programs?

8. 3. Tech Transfer/Info sharing/linkages: How to ensure and sustain the flow of information especially climate change science to people who need it most using existing institutional arrangements How to ensure and sustain the flow of information especially climate change science to people who need it most using existing institutional arrangements UNFCCC lingo: Is it time to revisit the basic principles of technology transfer/receptivity in its broadest sense to successfully implement CBA projects? UNFCCC lingo: Is it time to revisit the basic principles of technology transfer/receptivity in its broadest sense to successfully implement CBA projects? How can we ensure that lessons learned/best practices are shared among all stakeholders (local, regional and national governments, local and international NGOs)? How can we ensure that lessons learned/best practices are shared among all stakeholders (local, regional and national governments, local and international NGOs)? How can we learn/document from relevant indigenous knowledge systems for innovative ideas How can we learn/document from relevant indigenous knowledge systems for innovative ideas How to deal with short term response strategies vs long term response strategies (climate variability vs climate change) (reality?) linking with other institutions for long term solutions How to deal with short term response strategies vs long term response strategies (climate variability vs climate change) (reality?) linking with other institutions for long term solutions

9. 4. Gender: How can we ensure that the different needs of males, females and children are addressed? How can we ensure that the different needs of males, females and children are addressed? 5. Addressing the needs of the most vulnerable and indigenous How can we ensure that the needs of the most vulnerable are addressed? That research results are shared with them? How can we ensure that the needs of the most vulnerable are addressed? That research results are shared with them?

10. 6. Adaptive capacity: Improve knowledge on anticipatory vs responsive adaptation strategies-ensure sustainability Improve knowledge on anticipatory vs responsive adaptation strategies-ensure sustainability What innovative ways could be put in place to ensure long term adaptive capacity e.g. ensure adequate early warning systems What innovative ways could be put in place to ensure long term adaptive capacity e.g. ensure adequate early warning systems What indicators can we use to find out whether a community is adapting? What indicators can we use to find out whether a community is adapting? What hinders communities from reaching their maximum adaptive capacity? What hinders communities from reaching their maximum adaptive capacity? How to enhance local capacity as a response? How to enhance local capacity as a response?

11. Practical Follow up to create larger projects/programmatic approaches Can the generic methodologies being promoted (e.g. like the one by SouthSouthNorth) be used by others? Can the generic methodologies being promoted (e.g. like the one by SouthSouthNorth) be used by others? Which of the projects described in concept notes have common goals? Increase adaptive capacity, reduce community’s vulnerability, Which of the projects described in concept notes have common goals? Increase adaptive capacity, reduce community’s vulnerability, Larger projects need same over-riding goal (beyond the community-level), similar methodology. What holds the larger project together? What are the benefits to having a larger project? Larger projects need same over-riding goal (beyond the community-level), similar methodology. What holds the larger project together? What are the benefits to having a larger project? Common goal – enhance community adaptive capacity and reducing vulnerability to climate change impacts and promoting sustainable development in Africa Common goal – enhance community adaptive capacity and reducing vulnerability to climate change impacts and promoting sustainable development in Africa Methodology to achieving this goal would involve researchers, practitioners, communities Methodology to achieving this goal would involve researchers, practitioners, communities Learn from each other’s concept notes and discussions to improve methodology, expand networks, etc. and hence increase ability to obtain funds Learn from each other’s concept notes and discussions to improve methodology, expand networks, etc. and hence increase ability to obtain funds