2. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.28a Structure of a nerve. Endoneurium Perineurium Nerve fibers Blood vessel Fascicle Epineurium

3. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.28b Structure of a nerve. Axon Myelin sheath Endoneurium Perineurium Epineurium Fascicle Blood vessels

4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Filaments of olfactory nerve (I) Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Optic nerve (II) Optic chiasma Optic tract Oculomotor nerve (III) Trochlear nerve (IV) Trigeminal nerve (V) Abducens nerve (VI) Cerebellum Medulla oblongata Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Infundibulum Facial nerve (VII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) Vagus nerve (X) Accessory nerve (XI) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Figure 13.30a Location and function of cranial nerves.

5. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 13.4 Cranial Nerves (1 of 15)

6. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 13.4 Cranial Nerves (2 of 15)

7. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 13.4 Cranial Nerves (3 of 15)

8. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 13.4 Cranial Nerves (4 of 15)

9. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 13.4 Cranial Nerves (6 of 15)

10. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 13.4 Cranial Nerves (7 of 15)

11. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 13.4 Cranial Nerves (9 of 15)

12. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 13.4 Cranial Nerves (11 of 15)

13. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 13.4 Cranial Nerves (12 of 15)

14. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 13.4 Cranial Nerves (13 of 15)

15. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 13.4 Cranial Nerves (14 of 15)

16. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 13.4 Cranial Nerves (15 of 15)

17. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.31 Spinal nerves. Cervical plexus Brachial plexus Cervical enlargement Intercostal nerves Lumbar enlargement Lumbar plexus Sacral plexus Cauda equina Cervical nerves C 1 – C 8 Thoracic nerves T 1 – T 12 Lumbar nerves L 1 – L 5 Sacral nerves S 1 – S 5 Coccygeal nerve Co 1

18. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Opener 14

19. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.33 The cervical plexus. Ventral rami Ventral rami: Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Lesser occipital nerve Greater auricular nerve Transverse cervical nerve Ansa cervicalis Accessory nerve (XI) Phrenic nerve Supraclavicular nerves Segmental branches C1C1 C2C2 C3C3 C4C4 C5C5

20. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior divisions Roots (ventral rami): Posterior divisions TrunksRoots Dorsal scapular Nerve to subclavius Suprascapular Posterior divisions Lateral Posterior Medial Axillary Musculo- cutaneous Radial Median Ulnar Upper Middle Lower Long thoracic Medial pectoral Lateral pectoral Upper subscapular Lower subscapular Thoracodorsal Medial cutaneous nerves of the arm and forearm C4C4 C5C5 C6C6 C7C7 C8C8 T1T1 Trunks Roots (rami C 5 –T 1 ), trunks, divisions, and cords Cords Figure 13.34a The brachial plexus.

21. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Humerus Axillary nerve Radial nerve Musculocutaneous nerve Ulna Radius Ulnar nerve Median nerve Radial nerve (superficial branch) Dorsal branch of ulnar nerve Superficial branch of ulnar nerve Digital branch of ulnar nerve Muscular branch Digital branch Median nerve The major nerves of the upper limb Figure 13.34c The brachial plexus.

22. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Cadaver photo Musculocutaneous nerve Axillary nerve Radial nerve Median nerve Ulnar nerve Lateral cord Posterior cord Medial cord Figure 13.34d The brachial plexus.

23. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.35 The lumbar plexus. Ventral rami Iliohypogastric Ilioinguinal Genitofemoral Lateral femoral cutaneous Obturator Femoral Lumbosacral trunk Iliohypogastric Ilioinguinal Femoral Lateral femoral cutaneous Obturator Anterior femoral cutaneous Saphenous Ventral rami: Ventral rami and major branches of the lumbar plexus Distribution of the major nerves from the lumbar plexus to the lower limb L1L1 L2L2 L3L3 L4L4 L5L5

24. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.35a The lumbar plexus. Ventral rami Iliohypogastric Ilioinguinal Genitofemoral Lateral femoral cutaneous Obturator Femoral Lumbosacral trunk Ventral rami: Ventral rami and major branches of the lumbar plexus L1L1 L2L2 L3L3 L4L4 L5L5

25. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.35b The lumbar plexus. Iliohypogastric Ilioinguinal Femoral Lateral femoral cutaneous Obturator Anterior femoral cutaneous Saphenous Distribution of the major nerves from the lumbar plexus to the lower limb

26. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.36 The sacral plexus. Superior gluteal Distribution of the major nerves from the sacral plexus to the lower limb Ventral rami Lumbosacral trunk Inferior gluteal Common fibular Tibial Pudendal Posterior Femoral cutaneous Sciatic Gluteus maximus Piriformis Inferior gluteal nerve Common fibular nerve Tibial nerve Pudendal nerve Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve Sciatic nerve Superior gluteal Inferior gluteal Pudendal Sciatic Posterior femoral cutaneous Common fibular Tibial Sural (cut) Deep fibular Superficial fibular Plantar branches Cadaver photo Ventral rami and major branches of the sacral plexus Ventral rami: L4L4 L5L5 S1S1 S2S2 S3S3 S4S4 S5S5 Co 1

27. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ventral rami Ventral rami and major branches of the sacral plexus Superior gluteal Lumbosacral trunk Inferior gluteal Common fibular Tibial Posterior femoral cutaneous Pudendal Sciatic Ventral rami: L4L4 L5L5 S1S1 S2S2 S3S3 S4S4 S5S5 Co 1 Figure 13.36a The sacral plexus.

28. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Superior gluteal Inferior gluteal Pudendal Sciatic Posterior femoral cutaneous Common fibular Tibial Sural (cut) Deep fibular Superficial fibular Plantar branches Distribution of the major nerves from the sacral plexus to the lower limb Figure 13.36b The sacral plexus.

29. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Piriformis Inferior gluteal nerve Common fibular nerve Tibial nerve Pudendal nerve Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve Sciatic nerve Figure 13.36c The sacral plexus. Gluteus maximus Cadaver photo

30. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 13.37 Map of dermatomes. C2 C3 C4 C5 T5 T4 T3 T2 T1 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T2 T11 T2 C5 C6 C7 C8 T12 L1 L2 S2 S3 C8 C5 C6 C7 L3 L4 L5 L4 L3 S1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 C5 C6 C7 C8 L2 L4 S1 T11 T12 L1 L3 L5 C8 C6 C7 S2 S3 S4 S5 S1 S2 S1 L1 L2 L5 L3 L4 L5 L4 S1 Posterior view Anterior view