1. Surface Anatomy & Bones Biosciences LCSC06 Marianne Bos-Clark MSc Dr Pedro Amarante Andrade

2. THIS SESSION Cranial Fossa Surface anatomy of head and neck Sinuses
Bones of the skull, including mandible
Sinuses
Cranial Fossa

3. SURFACE ANATOMY OF HEAD & NECK
Upper eyelid
Lower eyelid
Upper lip
Lower lip
Sub-mental region
Hyoid region
Sub-hyoid region
Laryngeal region
Thyroid region
Supra-sternal region
Lateral neck region
Mandibular region
Mastoid region
Auricular region
Refs images this section: ( ( (
Surface Anatomy: The anatomical Basis of Clinical examination, Lumley

4. SURFACE ANATOMY OF NECK
Refs images this section: ( ( (
Surface Anatomy: The anatomical Basis of Clinical examination, Lumley

5. SURFACE ANATOMY OF NECK
Refs images this section: ( ( (
Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Human Body. Bartleby.com: Gray’s Anatomy. Author: Henry Vandyke Carter

6. SURFACE ANATOMY OF NECK neck triangles
Posterior
Anterior
Muscular
Submental
Submandibular
Carotid

7. SURFACE ANATOMY OF NECK neck triangles
Posterior
Anterior
Muscular
Submental
Submandibular
Carotid

8. SURFACE ANATOMY OF NECK neck triangles
Musculi coli base. Author: Olek Remesz

9. Medical Gross Anatomy. Surface anatomy.
FACIAL LANDMARKS
Medical Gross Anatomy. Surface anatomy.

10. SURFACE ANATOMY anterior neck
Hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid bone
Thyroid gland

11. SURFACE ANATOMY anterior neck
Hyoid Bone
Thyroid cartilage
Cricoid
cartilage
Thyroid
gland

12. SURFACE ANATOMY lymph nodes
Preauricular
Submental
Anterior
Cervical
submandibular
supraclavicular

13. SURFACE ANATOMY lymph nodes

14. SURFACE ANATOMY sinuses

15. SURFACE ANATOMY sinuses
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Maxillary

16. SURFACE ANATOMY sinuses
mucosa-lined air-filled cavities within the bones of the face and skull communicating with nasal cavity
Function: debated
Decrease skull weight
Increase resonance
protection (immunity)
Wikipedia:
The frontal sinus are situated behind the brow ridges. Sinuses are mucosa-lined airspaces within the bones of the face and skull. Each opens into the anterior part of the corresponding middle nasal meatus of the nose through the frontonasal ductwhich traverses the anterior part of the labyrinth of the ethmoid. These structures then open into the hiatus semilunaris in the middle meatus.
Through its copious mucus production, the sinus is an essential part of the immune defense/air filtration carried out by the nose. Nasal and sinal mucosae are ciliatedand move mucus to the choanae and finally to the stomach. The thick upper layers of nasal mucus trap bacteria and small particles in tissue abundantly provided withimmune cells, antibodies, and antibacterial proteins. The layers beneath are thinner and provide a substrate in which the cilia are able to beat and move the upper layer with its debris through the ostia toward the choanae.

17. SURFACE ANATOMY sinuses
Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. OpenStax College

18. PARANASAL SINUSES

19. ORAL CAVITY

20. ORAL CAVITY

21. ORAL CAVITY teeth

22. EYE

23. EAR

24. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

25. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Locate on each other:
Upper eyelid
Lower eyelid
Upper lid
Lower lip
Sub-mental region
Hyoid region
Sub-hyoid region
Laryngeal region
Thyroid region
Supra-sternal region
Lateral neck region
Mandibular region
Mastoid region
Auricular region

26. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Locate on each other:
Helix
Antihelix
External acoustic meatus
Tragus
Antitragus
Intertragic incisure
Lobule of ear
Pupil
Iris
Semilunar fold
Palpebral fissure
Lateral angle
Conjunctiva
Lacrimal caruncle
Medial angle

27. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Locate on each other:
Canine
1st incisors
2nd incisors
Premolars
molar
Uvula
Palatopharyngeal arch
Palatoglossal arch
Vallate papillae
Palatine tonsil
Fungiform papillae

28. THE SKULL
Must watch it! 

29. BONES OF THE SKULL (hyoid bone) Ear: 3 small bones Cranium (8 bones):
Single: frontal; occipital;
sphenoid; ethmoid
Paired: parietal and temporal
FACIAL BONES (14)
Single: mandible; vomer
Paired: inferior nasal conchae; nasal bones; lacrimal bones; zygomatic bones; palatine bones; maxillae
(hyoid bone)
Ear: 3 small bones

30. BONES OF THE CRANIAL SKELETON
Ethmoid bone Sphenoid bone Frontal bone Parietal bone Occipital bone Temporal bone

31. HEAD & NECK: SKULL & BONES
Coronal suture
External auditory meatus
Temporomandibular joint
Zygomatic arch
By LadyofHats Mariana Ruiz Villarreal

32. BONES OF THE CRANIAL SKELETON
Henry Gray (1981) Anatomy of the Human Body
Henry Vandyke Carter

33. By LadyofHats Mariana Ruiz Villarreal
EXAM QUESTION
By LadyofHats Mariana Ruiz Villarreal

34. HEAD & NECK: SKULL & BONES
Parietal
Occipital
Foramen magnum
Mandible
Temporal

35. HEAD & NECK: SKULL & BONES
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Palatine
Temporal
Occipital
"Sobo " by Dr. Johannes Sobotta - Sobotta Atlas and Text-book of Human Anatomy 1909

36. BONES OF THE CRANIAL SKELETON sagittal view
Henry Gray (1981) Anatomy of the Human Body
Henry Vandyke Carter

37. BONES OF THE CRANIAL SKELETON
Henry Gray (1981) Anatomy of the Human Body
Henry Vandyke Carter
By LadyofHats Mariana Ruiz Villarreal

38. MANDIBLE

39. Paired bones of upper jaw Landmarks (Inferior aspect)
MAXILLAE
Landmarks
Fontal process
Infraorbital margin
Orbital process
Infraorbital foramen
Zygomatic process
Anterior nasal spine
Alveolar process
Paired bones of upper jaw
Hard palate
Nose
Upper dental ridge
Landmarks (Inferior aspect)
Palatine process
Median palatine suture a.k.a. intermaxillary suture
Incisive foramen
Paired maxillae (single maxilla)
Maxillae provides the hard palate-point of attachment for the SOFT PALATE, ALVEOLAR RIDGE, UPPER DENTAL ARCH and dominant structures of the NASAL CAVITIES
Processes are logically named: fontal process of maxilla articulates with the frontal bone-so learning the names of the larger structures will help the learning process!
Landmarks:
Palpate: place finger on nose at the nasal side of the eye
Fontal process: superior-most point of the maxillae
Palpate: from the frontal process move your finger down and round the infraorbital marjin to the lower, mid point of the eye
Infraorbital margin
Palpate: supporting the eye is the orbital process
Orbital process
Just below your finger is the infraorbital foramen
Infraorbital foramen-where the infraorbital branch of the maxillary part of the trigeminal nerve pass through the bone: provides sensory information to the lower eyelid, upper lip and nasal alae
Lateral to your finger is the zygomatic process
Zygomatic process-articulates with the zygomatic bone
Palpate: at midline you can find the anterior nasal spine
Anterior nasal spine
Palpate: below this you will find the alveolar process
Alveolar process-tooth bearing ridge

40. MAXILLAE
From Anatomography. Website maintained by Life Science Databases (LSDB).

41. MAXILLAE Locate: Orbital surface & Zygomatic process
Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Hyman Body.
Henry Vandyke Carter

42. BONES OF THE FACE Bones of the face: Mandible Maxillae Nasal bone
Palatine bone and nasal conchae
Vomer
Zygomatic bone
Hyoid bone

43. NASAL BONES AND VOMER
From Anatomography. Website maintained by Life Science Databases (LSDB).

44. NASAL BONES AND VOMER Nasal bones and vomer
Ethmoid bone: small bones which make up the superior nasal surface
Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Hyman Body. Henry Vandyke Carter

45. NASAL BONES AND VOMER
Ethmoid bone: small bones which make up the superior nasal surface
Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Hyman Body. Henry Vandyke Carter

46. Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
VOMER
Articulates with the:
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
Cartilaginous septum
Forms the nasal septum
An unpaired, midline bone
Looks like a knife blade or plough-with point directed towards the front.
NASAL SEPTUM:
Division between two nasal cavities
VOMER makes up the inferior and posterior nasal septum
Perpendicular plate of ethmoid is posterior aspect
Septal cartilage is anterior aspect
VOMER
Inferior margin:
MAXILLA and PALATAL bones
Superior-posterior
ETHMOID CRIBRIFORM PLATE

47. Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Hyman Body. Henry Vandyke Carter
BONES: NASAL CAVITY
Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Hyman Body. Henry Vandyke Carter

48. TMJ TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
By Thierry Canuel. Wikicommons

49. TMJ TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
Henry Gray (1918) Anatomy of the Hyman Body. Henry Vandyke Carter

50. Prominent structures: cheek bones
ZYGOMATIC BONE
Prominent structures: cheek bones
Articulates with:
Maxillae
Frontal bone
Temporal bone
Forms the cheek bone
Articulates with:
Maxillae: maxillary process: point of articulation of ZYGOMATIC BONE and MAXILLA to form cheek bones
Frontal bone: FRONTAL PROCESS forms articulation with the FRONTAL and SPHENOID BONES
Temporal bone: TEMPORAL PROCESS: forms half zygomatic arch (temporal process of ZYGOMATIC BONE and ZYGOMATIC PROCESS of temporal bone
By LadyofHats Mariana Ruiz Villarreal

51. LACRIMAL BONE Small bones almost completely hidden in the intact skull
Articulate with:
maxillae
frontal bone
nasal bone
Small bones almost completely hidden in the intact skull
Articulate with:
maxillae
frontal bone
nasal bone
inferior concha ????
Constitute a small portion of the lateral nasal wall and form a small portion of the medial orbit

52. CRANIAL FOSSAE ‘Fossae’= depressions
Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site. OpenStax College
‘Fossae’= depressions

53. Schadelbasis. Derivate work: Ms Strother. Wikicommons
CRANIAL FOSSAE
Schadelbasis. Derivate work: Ms Strother. Wikicommons

54. BONES: PALPATION
External occipital protuberance (jctn skin neck/head) Superior nuchal line; median nuchal crest Mastoid process Zygomatic arch (front of ear) Parietal & frontal eminences Superciliary arches (frontal sinuses, F:small ) Glabella (triangular, smooth Nasion/frontonasal suture (depression root nose) Nasal bones vs cartilage Orbital margin Supraorbital notch (tubercule: lacrimal sac) Zygomatic bone Mandible (condyle; posterior border ramus; angle; symphysis; anterior border ramus; alveolar process) Hyoid bone (

55. SPOT CHECK
Point to: Mastoid process Maxilla Lacrimal bone Temporal bone Occipital bone TMJ Frontal sinus Tragus/Antitragus Laryngeal prominence