1. You MUST give a signal phrase—e.g. Harry Henderson says—for every piece of information you include from a source NO MATTER WHAT: When you quote directly When you summarize/put it in your own words When you give statistics ANYTHING THAT ISN’T COMMON KNOWLEDGE! Special Situations with Citing If the author is unknown, you must give the article title: The article “Perspectives and Issues” says

2. A parenthetical citation (Jones) is NOT needed at the end of the sentence because the author is already stated as the signal phrase. Student Example:  David Jones characterizes the Europeans as “hunters for gold or pursuers of fame.” Unknown Author:  The article “Media Madness” says that Americans don’t think the media should be abolished, just repaired. Don’t need (Jones) at the end. Don’t need (“Media”) at the end. Article title is the signal phrase. Author’s name is the signal phrase.

3. The signal phrase introduces the information. Readers will understand that everything in the paragraph after the name is from that source: Student Example: I think… (student’s opinions about the info. cited in this paragraph go here) Frederick Lane believes that the personal computer has posed new challenges for employers worried about workplace productivity. Technology has become so sophisticated that it now makes non- work-related computer activities easy and inviting. Giving employees access to the Internet is about the same as giving them their own TV’s. I think… (student’s opinions about the info. cited in this paragraph go here)

4. The only time to use a parenthetical citation—e.g. (Jones) or (“Media”)—at the end of a sentence is if you weaved in a quote or summary of a new source not mentioned in the signal phrase. Student Example: Stephen Braun has called caffeine “the most popular drug on earth.” The author has a good point because there is a coffee machine in almost every business building, and when people try to skip their morning coffee they realize they are hooked. “Caffeine withdrawal symptoms include fatigue, headache, nausea, and psychological symptoms” (Pendergrast). New source, different from Braun but in same paragraph.

5. In those cases, the parenthetical citation should only be ONE word: Student Example: Stephen Braun has called caffeine “the most popular drug on earth.” The author has a good point because there is a coffee machine in almost every business building, and when people try to skip their morning coffee they realize they are hooked. “Caffeine withdrawal symptoms include fatigue, headache, nausea, and psychological symptoms” (Pendergrast). The entire citation is the author’s last name. Put the period outside, after the parenthesis. Between the last word of the sentence and the parenthesis, put a space.

6. In those cases, the parenthetical citation should only be ONE word: Student Example: Stephen Braun has called caffeine “the most popular drug on earth.” The author has a good point because there is a coffee machine in almost every business building, and when people try to skip their morning coffee they realize they are hooked. “Caffeine withdrawal symptoms include fatigue, headache, nausea, and psychological symptoms” (“Uncommon”). And make sure you use quotation marks. Let’s say the new source doesn’t have an author. Then use the first word of the article title (skip “A” and “The”).

7. If you have more than one article by the SAME author, the signal phrase will have to also specify the article title: Situation: If Robert Ballard wrote “The Finding of the Titanic” and also “The Wreck of the Century,” how are we to know which article you mean if you only put the author? Add the article title: Student Example: Robert Ballard’s article “The Finding of the Titanic” says, “The wreck was awe inspiring.”

8. Situation: Two articles have no author, and they are both called “Caffeine Harms” and “Caffeine Harms”. Include the magazine title or website: Student Example: The article “Caffeine Harms” in Science Weekly says that for those people who already lead a healthy lifestyle, drinking a little coffee will not cause heart disease. What if two articles have no author, and they have exactly the same titles? The signal phrase will have to also specify the magazine title or website:

9. If you use an actual book you can hold in your hands, you must give the page number used: Situation: You’re using information from a library book called Buzz: the Science and Lore of Alcohol and Caffeine by Steve Richardson. Student Example: Steve Richardson says, “Nearly all the studies linking coffee with increased cholesterol have involved unfiltered coffee” (27). Include the page number where you found the information, but don’t put “pg.”