1. Referencing guidelines Master of Leadership in Development Presentation Professor Pam Norman Divine Word University Vice President Academic August 2012

2. Introduction to APA style In academic writing, an author almost always gets information from the writings of others. It is essential that these sources be acknowledged. There are different styles of referencing. A common style used by universities is that of the American Psychological Association commonly referred to as the APA style. The APA system of referencing consists of two elements: in-text citations giving author, year and sometimes page number in the body of the paper a reference list at the end of the paper providing the complete details for each in-text citation.

3. A reference list includes the books, articles and web pages etc. that are cited in the text of the document. A reference list is arranged alphabetically by the surnames of authors. If an item has no author, it is cited by title, and included in the alphabetical list using the first significant word of the title. If you have more than one item with the same author, list the items chronologically, starting with the earliest publication. Each reference appears on a new line. Each item in the reference list is required to have a hanging indent. References should not be numbered. How to create a reference list

4. How to reference a book with one author It was published in 1970 by Jacaranda Press in Australia End-of-text reference Eri, V. (1970). The crocodile. Australia: Jacaranda Press. In-text Eri (1970, pp. 26-27) describes … Information about when, where and by whom a book is published is found inside the cover on the first or second page.

5. Reference Eri, V. (1970). The crocodile. Australia: Jacaranda Press. Learn and remember the order 1.Author’s surname 2.Comma 3.Initial of author’s Christian name 4.Full stop 5.Date of publication in brackets 6.Full stop 7.Title of publication in italics, first word with a capital letter, other words in lower case unless a proper noun 8.Full stop 9.Place of publication 10.Colon 11.Name of publisher 12.Full stop

6. Write the reference for this book? “The KomKui” is a book written by Pat Howley and published in 2012 by DWU Press in Madang. Author’s surname Comma Initial of author’s Christian name Full stop Date of publication in brackets Full stop Title of publication in italics, first word with a capital letter, other words in lower case unless a proper noun Full stop Place of publication Colon Name of publisher Full stop

7. Howley, P. (2012). The KomKui. Madang: DWU Press. Author’s surname Comma Initial of author’s Christian name Full stop Date of publication in brackets Full stop Title of publication in italics, first word with a capital letter, other words in lower case unless a proper noun Full stop Place of publication Colon Name of publisher Full stop If you did this you are correct.

8. ed. = edition; Ed. or Eds = Editor/s “Educational research” is the fourth edition of a book written by John W. Creswell and published in 2012 by Pearson in Boston. The edition statement is placed after the title of the work, in plain text in brackets. Copy this end-of-text reference Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research (4 th ed.). Boston: Pearson.

9. End-of-text reference Print, M. (1993). Curriculum development and design (2 nd ed.). Australia: Allen & Unwin. End-of-text reference Newble, D. & Cannon, R. (1995). A handbook for teachers in universities & colleges (3 rd ed.). London: Kogan Page Ltd. Other examples illustrating references to book editions

10. Editor = Ed. Editors = Eds “The landscape of qualitative research” is the third edition of a book edited by Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln and published in 2008 by Sage Publications in California. It contains chapters by over 20 authors The editor or editors statement is placed after the last author’s name, in brackets, before the date. Note: Ed. and Eds (‘Ed.’ has a full stop because it is an abbreviation, ‘Eds’ has no full stop because it is a contraction. End-of-text reference Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds) (2008). The landscape of qualitative research (3 rd ed.). California: Sage Publications. In text: Use the chapter authors, NOT the editors of the book.

11. Referencing a chapter in a book In Denzin & Lincoln’s book, from pages 185 to 220, Clifford G. Christians has a chapter titled “Ethics and politics in qualitative research”. Reference Christians, C. G. (2008). Ethics and politics in qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds) (2008). The landscape of qualitative research (3 rd ed.) (pp. 185-220). California: Sage Publications. Note that the title of the chapter is in plain text, not italicized. Note that, after “In”, the initials of the Christian names of the editors are put in front of their surnames. Note that the page numbers are in brackets after the title of the book.

12. Referencing an article in a journal Contemporary PNG Studies DWU Research Journal, Volume 10, May 2009. From pages 1 to 16 in the journal is an article by Tabian Ambang titled Challenges of contemporary management in Papua New Guinea. End-of-text reference Ambang, T. (2009). Challenges of contemporary management in Papua New Guinea. Contemporary PNG Studies DWU Research Journal, 10, 1-16.

13. Referencing a book by two authors Author 1 surname Comma Initial of author’s Christian name Full stop Comma Ampersand (& sign for ‘and’) Author 2 surname Comma Initial of author’s Christian name Full stop Date of publication in brackets Full stop Title of publication in italics, first word with a capital letter, other words in lower case unless a proper noun Full stop Place of publication Colon Name of publisher Full stop Guthrie, G., & Guthrie, K. (2012). Basic research methods for Papua New Guinea. Port Moresby: UPNG Press.

14. Write the reference for this book with 2 authors “Moral issues in business” is the twelfth edition of a book written by William H. Shaw and Vincent Barry and published in 2010 by Wadsworth Cengage Learning and in California.

15. End-of-text reference Shaw, W. H. & Barry, V. (2010). Moral issues in business (12 th ed.). California: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. In-text Shaw and Barry (2010) argue… Note ‘and’ in words (not the sign) for in text reference If you did this, you are correct.

16. How would you reference a book by many authors? Author 1 surname Comma Initial of author’s Christian name Full stop Author 2 surname Comma Initial of author’s Christian name Full stop Author 3 surname Comma Initial of author’s Christian name Full stop Ampersand (sign for and) Author 4 surname Comma Initial of author’s Christian name Full stop Date of publication in brackets Full stop Title of publication in italics, first word with a capital letter, other words in lower case unless a proper noun Full stop Place of publication Colon Name of publisher Full stop That authors of this book are: Pam Norman Stephen Potek Eron Hagunama and Joe Deruage

17. End-of-text reference Norman, P., Potek, S., Hagunama, E., & Deruage, J. (2005). Making a living book 2. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. In-text First time: Norman, Potek, Hagunama and Deruage (2005) claim … Following times: Norman et al. (2005) describe … When there are more than three authors, in text you can write, Norman et al. meaning Norman and others. et alia is Latin for ‘and others’. It is abbreviated to et al. Note al. always has a full stop because it is an abbreviation.

18. Newspaper references Author(s) of article – surname and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication, month day). Title of article. Title of newspaper – italicised, p. page number(s). Newspaper article with author Munau, L., & Per, Z. (2012, June 14) Laimo: Namah not welcomed in B’ville. The National, p. 3. Newspaper article with no author The National (2012, June 14, p. 7). Villager warns leaders on Baining land issues.

19. Webpage references Author(s) of page – person or organisation, use & for multiple authors. (Year page created or revised). Title of page – italicised. Retrieved month day, year of retrieval, from web address. Webpage with author Atherton, J. (2005). Behaviour Modification. Retrieved February 5, 2009, from http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/ behaviour_mod.htm. In-text: (Atherton, 2005) Webpage with no author Behaviour modification. (2007). Retrieved February 5, 2009, from http://www.educational- psychologist.org.uk/behaviour.html In-text: (Behaviour modification, 2007) Use title instead of author name

20. For more information You can receive an electronic copy of a Word document entitled: “referencing in academic writing”. Referencing is a complex task and you should refer to the document whenever you are in doubt about the correct style. Sample reference list AusAID (2006). Basic education development project. Papua New Guinea: Australian Agency for International Development. Evetts, J. (1994). Gender and secondary headship: managerial experiences in teaching. In Evetts, J. (Ed.). Women and Careers, 157-169. London: Longman. Government of Papua New Guinea (1975). Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea. Retrieved 25 June 2008 from http://www.igr.gov.pg/constitution.pdfhttp://www.igr.gov.pg/constitution.pdf Habermas, J. (1971). Knowledge and human interests. Boston: Beacon Press. Habermas, J. (1979). Communication and the evolution of society. Boston: Beacon. Habermas, J. (1987). The theory of communicative action: Lifeworld and social system. Boston: Beacon. Morosi, P. (2007). Creating linkages between private and public: Challenges facing woman principals in South Africa. South African Journal of Education, 27(3), 507– 521 Post Courier. (Thursday July 9, 2009, p. 3. Mother tells of experience, reported by Harlyne Joku. The Macquarie Dictionary (2 nd ed.) (1991). NSW Australia: The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd. Young, R. A., & Collin, A. (2004). Introduction: Constructivism and social constructionism in the career field. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 64, 373-388.