2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Want some extra points for wellness? Bison Stampede 5 K Run Saturday November 6 9:00 AM $15 entry fee/$20 day of race T-shirt 20 points for running 10 points for helping Supporting Sunshine School

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Test 2 Results 82% mean score Range – 56%-100% Scores A – 17 B – 27 C – 11 D – 6 F -1

4. Reducing Your Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 PowerPoint ® Lecture Outlines

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Objectives Identify the major forms of cardiovascular disease and describe how they affect the heart and blood vessels. Identify cardiovascular disease risk factors that you can control. Create a plan and apply behavior-change skills to reduce your own risk for cardiovascular disease.

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. What Is Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)? A range of diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Induces other potentially devastating diseases, like heart attack or stroke. 9–15% of men and women under 40 have some form of CVD. After about age 40, the rate climbs to 40%. Among all age groups in America, about 1 in 3 people have CVD in some form.

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Prevalence of CVD in Adults

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Cardiovascular Diseases Coronary artery disease Hypertension Stroke Peripheral artery disease Congestive heart failure Leading cause of death in the United States!

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Why Worry about CVD? CVD is America’s biggest killer—more than any other single cause of death, for both women and men. CVD reduces quality of life, causing chest pain; shortness of breath; internal organ damage; and in the form of hypertension, cognitive decline. CVD can begin in adolescence or childhood from waxy buildup in vessels caused by poor diet, lack of exercise, high body mass index, or early smoking.

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Atherosclerosis & Coronary Artery Disease  CAD – results from the accumulation of fatty deposits on the coronary artery walls  Coronary arteries supply blood to the heart muscle  Atherosclerosis is the process of fatty substances (lipids) building up on the inside of the artery walls

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Normal and Plaque-Filled Coronary Arteries

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Heart Attack & Atherosclerosis  When the build-up is large enough to restrict blood flow to the heart muscle, angina &/or heart attack (myocardial infarction) can result.  1.2 million per year  335,000 die each year

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Exercise & Heart Attack Regular physical activity reduces the risk of heart attack by one half Atherosclerosis can be prevented or reversed Collateral circulation can lead to survival during a heart attack

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Other C-V Diseases/Conditions  Hypertension – high blood pressure  33% adults  Inactive 30-50% higher risk  Prehypertension  Systolic 120-139  Diastolic 80-89  Stroke – brain attack  People with CAD or hypertension have increased risk  Peripheral artery disease – restricted blood flow to the extremities due to atherosclerosis  Congestive heart failure – inability of the heart muscle to pump blood at a life sustaining rate  Congenital heart disease (born with condition)  Angina pectoris (chest pain and circulatory issues)  Arrhythmias (irregular heartbeat)

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Deaths from Coronary Heart Disease

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. CVD Age-Adjusted Death Rates by State

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. CVD Risk Factors You Can Control Tobacco use Hypertension (high blood pressure) High blood fat levels Overweight and obesity Physical inactivity Diabetes Metabolic syndrome (obesity-related risks) Stress Poor nutrition Excessive alcohol use

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. CVD Risk Factors You Cannot Control Heredity CVD in several generations increases risk greatly. Age 75% of heart attacks occur in people over age 65. Gender Men are at greater risk until age 60; women are at greater risk after menopause. Race African Americans are at higher risk.

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Cholesterol  Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) – high LDL levels = greater risk for heart attack; mainly from high fat diet, especially saturated fats (animal sources, palm & coconut oils)  High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) – “escorts” LDL from the body; high levels are desirable & lowers risk of heart attack; smoking & high fat diet lowers HDL; physical activity raises HDL levels

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. LDL, Total, and HDL Cholesterol Levels Ratio When having cholesterol checked, its important to divide Total CH by HDL to get the ratio A desirable ratio is less than 4.0 The lower the ratio the better Inflammation markers C-reactive proteins Homocysteine

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. How To Avoid CVD Lower your controllable risks. Don’t smoke. Practice sound eating habits. Exercise regularly. Manage stress. Control diabetes or the risk of developing it. Don’t abuse alcohol or drugs.

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. AMA Dietary Recommendations Balance caloric intake & expenditure Eat nutrient-rich foods – whole grains, fruits & vegetables Eat fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids twice/week Eat lean meats Choose low fat dairy products Lower cholesterol & sugar in diet Reduce intake of sodium

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Avoiding CVD: Making a Plan Identify your risk factors. (Lab 11.1) Identify concrete changes you can make to reduce your risk factors. Create a personalized plan to implement successful behavior change. Understand that by reducing your risk of CVD, you also reduce other serious disease risks.

24. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. ABC News: Cardiovascular Disease Discussion Questions: How does inflammation account for nearly 85% of all heart attacks? What test measures inflammation, and what does it cost? Why have doctors been hesitant to order tests to measure inflammation? What dietary changes are recommended to lower inflammation? | Cardiovascular Disease

25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. The effect of regular physical activity on these risk factors  Reduces hypertension  Maintains elasticity of the artery walls  Increases blood vessel size  More efficient peripheral blood flow  Lowers LDL cholesterol  Raises HDL cholesterol  Controls body fat  Reduces stress  Prevents or delays adult onset diabetes

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. LDL to HDL Ratio When having cholesterol checked, its important to divide Total CH by HDL to get the ratio A desirable ratio is less than 4.0 The lower the ratio the better Example Total CH = 200 HDL = 50 Ratio (200/50)= 4.0