1. MODAL VERBS

2. Долженствование, инструкции, обязанность MUST … I must defend my country. He must help his parents. You must wear a uniform at school. HAVE/HAS TO … I have to get up early for my lessons. She has to travel a lot because of her work.

3. Отсутствие необходимости DON’T HAVE TO …/ DOESN’T HAVE TO…/NEEDN’T … DIDN’T HAVE TO… Sarah doesn’t have to get up early tomorrow because it’s Sunday. I didn’t have to study last week because I was on holiday.

4. Способность, возможность CAN = AM/IS/ARE ABLE TO… I can swim. She is able to twist her fingers. COULD ≠ WAS/WERE ABLE TO… We could buy a car last year. We were able to buy a car last year.

5. Cовет, рекомендация SHOULD, OUGHT TO… You should revise for your exams. He shouldn’t spend so much money on games. НО!!! SHOULD+перфектный инфинитив (have+-ed/III) означает упрек, сожаление, совет «задним числом» You shouldn’t have bought this watch. I should have revised for my exam.

6. Разрешение, запрет, просьба MUSTN’T You mustn’t touch this switch, it’s dangerous. MAY/CAN May I use your phone? Can I take your umbrella? CAN/COULD Can you pass me the salt, please?