1. from “The New Brutalism” (1955)
ARCH 222 Presentation
REYNER BANHAM
from “The New Brutalism” (1955)

2. CONTEXT The New Brutalism by Reyner Banham Reyner Banham
What is the Brutalism?
Characteristics of brutalism
Leading Brutalism
Le Corbusier
Mies Van Der Rohe
II. Peter & Alison Smithson
III. Paul Rudolph
IV. Louis Kahn
Critism

3. PETER REYNER BANHAM
He (2 March 1922 – 19 March 1988) was one of the most influential writers on architecture, design, and popular culture from the mid-1950s to the late 1980s. 

4. BRUTALISM
Brutalism is an architectural style that spawned from the modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s.
Brutalist building typically contains poured concrete, and also include brick, glass and steel.

5. Banham defined Brutalist buildings as being
Formal legibility of a plan
Clear exhibition of Structure
Valuation of Materials ‘as found.
Boston City Hall
The term “Brutalism” derived from the French phrase “buton brute” which a phrase Used by Le Corbusier. J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington, D.C.
Orange County Government Center  Paul Rudolph

6. CHARACTERISTICS Characteristics of Brutalism Form follow function.
Rough and unfinished surface.
Precast concrete construction.
Low cost construction.
Quickly and economically constructed.
Massive shapes and sculptures.
Brick work and stone.

7. Leading Brutalist Team X (10)
Architects associated with the brutalist style include;
Le Corbusier
Peter & Alison Smithson
Paul Radolph
Louis Kahn
Team X (10)
Team X", was a group of architects and other invited participants who assembled starting in July 1953 at the 9th Congress of C.I.A.M
Two different movements emerged from Team 10: the New Brutalism of the English members and the Structuralism of the Dutch members.

8. LE CORBUSIER
He was a Swiss-French architect, designer, painter,urban planner, writer, and one of the pioneers of what is now called modern architecture.
He was born in Switzerland and became a French citizen in 1930.

9. Unite d‘Habitation
The building is constructed in beton brut ( rough- cast concrete)
Unite d'habitation (Housing Unit) is the name of a modernist residential housing design principle developed by Le Corbusier.

10. Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago
Widely regarded as Mies van der Rohe's masterpiece, Crown Hall, completed in 1956
Basic steel and glass construction style

11. PETER AND ALISON SMıTHSON
English architects Alison Smithson and Peter Smithson  together formed an architectural partnership, and are often associated with the New Brutalism.

12.   Secondary School in Hunstanton

13. Robin Hood Gardens
Robin Hood Gardens is a residential estate in Poplar, London designed in the late 1960s by architects Alison and Peter Smithson.
Highly visible examples of Brutalist architecture.
“streets in the sky”

14. PAUL RUDOLPH
Paul Marvin Rudolph was born October 23, 1918 in Elkton, Kentucky.
He was an American architect.
He was known for his contributions to modernism throughout the latter half of the 20th century. 

15. Art and Architecture Building, Yale University
Completed in 1963
Concrete and glass

16. LOUIS KAHN
Louis Isadore Kahn was born in 1901.
The American architect Louis Kahn ( ) is regarded as one of the great master builders of the twentieth century

17. Yale University Art Gallery, in New Haven 
In this structure, Kahn typically tended toward heavily textured brick and bare concrete, which he wonderfully juxtaposes against more refined and pristine surfaces, like the large glass windows of this building beautifully lined by steel.

18. JATIYO SANGSHAD BHABAN ( National Parliament House)
Large areas of blank wall.
Reinforced concrete structures.
Strong bold shapes.

19. Critism of the Brutalism
Much of the criticism comes not only from the designs of the buildings, but also from the fact that concrete façades do not age well in damp, cloudy maritime climates such as those of northwestern Europe.
In these climates, the concrete becomes streaked with water stains and sometimes with moss and lichens, and rust leaches from the steel reinforcing bars.

20. Thank you…:)