1. 33:4 The Cold War Divides the World

2. Post-World War II: nations grouped politically into three “worlds” – First World: industrialized capitalist nations (U.S. & allies) – Second World: Communist nations led by Soviet Union – Third World: during the Cold War, developing nations not aligned with either the United States or the Soviet Union

3. Fighting for the Third World Third World nations located in Latin America, Asia, & Africa – Economically poor, politically unstable – Long history of colonialism – Ethnic conflicts, lack of technology & education – Need to build society: choice between Soviet Communism and American democracy

4. Cold War Strategies: – U.S., U.S.S.R. gain influence in Third World by backing revolution, liberation, counterrevolution – U.S., Soviet intelligence agencies (CIA, KGB) engage in covert activities (spying, assassination)

5. – U.S. gives military aid, builds schools, sets up anti-poverty programs, sends volunteer workers to developing nations – U.S.S.R. offers military and technical assistance, mainly to India and Egypt

6. Association of Nonaligned Nations: – Many developing nations seek assistance, some nations wish to stay out of global affairs – India vows to remain neutral – 1955: Indonesia hosts many Asian & African leaders at Bandung Conference

7. – Leaders meet to form “third force” of nonaligned nations: the independent countries that remained neutral in the Cold War competition between the United State and the Soviet Union – India, Indonesia remain neutral – Other nations take sides with superpowers or play competing sides against each other

8. Confrontations in Latin America – Post WWII Latin America: rapid industrialization, population growth, gap between rich/poor – Nations seek aid from both superpowers – Communism, nationalism inspire revolution – U.S., U.S.S.R. provide military and economic assistance

9. Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution: – 1950s: Cuba ruled by unpopular dictator, Fulgencio Batista, supported by U.S. – January 1959: Batista overthrown – Revolution led by Fidel Castro – Castro initially praised for social, economic reforms – Castro becomes dictator; suspends elections, jails or executes opponents, controls the press

10. – Castro nationalizes the economy; seizes control of U.S.-owned sugar mills and refineries – U.S. response: Eisenhower orders embargo on all trade with Cuba – Castro turns to Soviets for economic and military aid

11. – 1960: CIA trains anti-Castro Cuban exiles for invasion – April 1961: Bay of Pigs invasion fails; ground forces do not receive planned air support – Castro’s forces easily defeat invaders – President John F. Kennedy, U.S. humiliated

12. Nuclear Face-Off: the Cuban Missile Crisis: – Failed Bay of Pigs invasion convinces Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev that U.S. will not resist Soviet expansion in Latin America – July 1962: Khrushchev secretly builds 42 missile sights in Cuba – October: American spy plane discovers sites – JFK demands removal of missiles; announces naval blockade to prevent arrival of more missiles

13. – Castro protests Cuba’s role as a pawn in Cold War – Worldwide fear of nuclear war ensues – Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles; U.S. promises not to invade Cuba – Cuba completely dependent on Soviet support

14. – Castro agrees to support Communist revolutions in Latin America and Africa – Soviet aid to Cuba ends in 1991 following breakup of Soviet Union – End of support cripples Cuban economy – Castro forced to loosen control of economy and seek better relations with other countries

15. Civil War in Nicaragua: – U.S. funds Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasio Somoza, family since 1933 – 1979: Communist Sandinista rebels topple Somoza’s son, Anastasio – U.S., U.S.S.R. both give aid to Sandinistas and leader Daniel Ortega – Sandinistas give aid to Marxist rebels in El Salvador

16. – U.S. helps El Salvadoran government by supporting Nicaraguan ant-Communist forces called the Contras (contrarevolucionarios) – Nicaraguan civil war lasts a decade; weakens nation’s economy – 1990: Ortega agrees to hold free elections; Ortega defeated by Violeta Chamorro – Sandinistas defeated in 1996 and 2001 – 2006: Ortega reelected as president

18. Confrontations in the Middle East Religious & Secular Values Clash in Iran: – Oil industry wealth causes tension between traditional Islamic values and modern Western materialism – Post WWII: Iran’s leader, Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi embraces Western governments and wealthy Western oil companies

19. – Iranian nationalists resent foreign alliances; unite under Prime Minister Muhammed Mossadeq – British-owned oil company nationalized – 1953: nationalists force shah to flee – U.S. helps restore shah to power

20. The United States Supports Secular Rule: – 1950s: Shah westernizes Iran with U.S. support – Tehran becomes modern, prosperous; millions still live in poverty – Shah attempts to weaken political influence of Iran’s conservative Muslim leaders (ayatollahs)

21. – 1978: leader Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini inspires revolution from exile – 1979: overwhelming opposition forces shah to flee Iran – Khomeini returns to Iran; establishes Islamic state

22. Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies: – Khomeini demands strict adherence to Islam; inspires hatred of U.S. for supporting shah – 1979: Islamic revolutionaries seize U.S. embassy in Tehran – 60 American hostages taken; demand for U.S. to force shah to face trial

23. – Most hostages remain prisoner for 444 days; released in 1981 – Khomeini encourages Muslim radicals everywhere to overthrow secular governments – Policy increases tensions between Iran and Iraq – Iraq ruled by military leader Saddam Hussein; governed as secular state

24. – 1980: war breaks out between Iran and Iraq – U.S. secretly gives aid to both sides to keep balance of power – U.S.S.R. supports Iraq – 1 million Iranians, Iraqis die during war – 1988: UN negotiates ceasefire

25. The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan: – Post WWII: Afghanistan maintains independence from both superpowers for several years – 1950s: Soviet influence increases – 1970s: Muslim revolt threatens Communist government – 1979: Soviets invade Afghanistan – Rebel forces outmaneuver Soviet superpower

26. – Afghan rebels, mujahideen (holy warriors), armed with American weapons – U.S. considers Soviet invasion threat to Middle Eastern oil supplies – President Jimmy Carter warns U.S.S.R. against attempt at controlling Persian Gulf – U.S. stops grain shipments to Soviet Union; orders boycott of 1980 Moscow Olympics

27. – 1980s: new Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev acknowledges war’s devastating costs – 1989: Gorbachev withdraws all troops from Afghanistan – Internal unrest and economic problems threaten Communist regime and the existence of the Soviet Union itself