1. 1 Psychology 320: Gender Psychology Lecture 13

2. 2 Invitational Office Hour Invitations, by Student Number for October 15 th 11:30-12:30, 3:30-4:30 Kenny 2517 24515090 34013094 38240107 43452085 70591060 79548061

3. 3 1. What are the consequences of sex stereotypes? (continued) Sex Stereotypes

4. 4 1. describe contemporary measures of hostile sexism and benevolent sexism. 2. identify sex differences in and correlates of hostile sexism and benevolent sexism. By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 3. define the term “sex discrimination.”

5. 5 5. define the term “stereotype threat.” 4. generate examples to illustrate sex discrimination. 6. explain how stereotype threat influences performance among females and males.

6. 6 What are the consequences of sex stereotypes? (continued) 1. Sexism (continued)

7. 7 Your Questionnaire: AMI (Glick and Fiske, 1999) Score 1: Hostile sexism (toward men) score. Score 2: Benevolent sexism (toward men) score.

8. 8 AMI: Descriptive Statistics (Glick and Fiske, 1999) Scale ScoreRangeMean for FemalesMean for Males HM0-52.38 (SD=.91)1.84 (SD=.89) BM0-51.50 (SD=.91)1.93 (SD=.95) Cronbach’s alphas, HM, BM:.86,.83. Correlations between HM and BM:.65 (males),.39 (females). Correlations between ASI and AMI:.69 (males),.76 (females).

9. 9 Glick et al. (2004) administered the AMI to participants in 16 countries (e.g., Argentina, Australia, England, Italy, Mexico, Singapore, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey). Their research produced the following findings: (a) HM and BM were positively correlated with one another. (b) Females obtained higher scores on HM than males.

10. 10 (e) National scores on HM and BM were negatively correlated with national scores on gender equality. (c) Males obtained higher scores on BM than females. (d) HS and BS scores among males were positively correlated with HM and BM scores among females.

11. 11 Correlations Between AMI Averages and National Indices of Gender Equality (Glick et al., 2000) AMI SubscaleGDIGEM Men’s Averages HM-.51*-.45 † BM-.62 ** -.63** Women’s Averages HM-.65**-.66** BM-.53*-.56* GDI=Gender-Related Development Index GEM=Gender Empowerment Measure *p<.05, ** p<.01

12. 12 Refers to the differential treatment of individuals based on their sex. May be directed at females or males. 2. Sex Discrimination Examples:  2004: Class-action law suit, Betty Dukes et al. vs. Walmart.  2005: Class-action law suit, David Woods et al. vs. the State of California, WEAVE, and DVSAC.

13. 13 Sex discrimination can reinforce stereotypes by creating “self-fulfilling prophecies” (i.e., stereotype-consistent attitudes, behaviours, aptitudes, and interests among those who are the targets of discrimination). Example: The differential treatment of boys and girls with respect to their aptitude for and interest in reading.

14. 14 Refers to the tendency for members of stereotyped groups to act in ways that are consistent with social stereotypes. 3. Stereotype Threat Results from anxiety that one will confirm negative stereotypes associated with one’s group. This anxiety hinders performance, results in stereotype confirmation and, thus, reduces achievement.

15. 15 1. What are the consequences of sex stereotypes? (continued) Sex Stereotypes