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BI. 4c Students know how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may or may not affect the expression of the gene, or the sequence of amino acids in an.

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Presentation on theme: "BI. 4c Students know how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may or may not affect the expression of the gene, or the sequence of amino acids in an."— Presentation transcript:

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2 BI. 4c Students know how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may or may not affect the expression of the gene, or the sequence of amino acids in an encoded protein. BI.4.d Students know specialization of cells in multicellular organisms is usually due to different patterns of gene expression rather than to differences of the genes themselves. BI 5c Students know how genetic engineering (biotechnology) is used to produce novel biomedical and agricultural products.

3 DNA PROTEIN CODE CELL FUNCTION

4 DNA RNA Protein Transcription (nucleolus) Translation (ribosomes)

5 All types of cells in a person’s body carry the same DNA.

6 DNA Code/Gene Nerve cell protein Nerve cell function Liver cell protein Liver cell function Genes are expressed/transcribed when the cell needs it. Each cell expresses different parts of the DNA.

7 Different Genes Different Amino acids Different Protein structure Different Protein Function Different Traits

8 WALLMALLMAUL HAUL??

9 ATTTCGAGCCGTAAGC Original code ATTTCGAGCGGTAAGC One-nucleotide change

10 DNA Changes in DNA code/Sequence PROTEIN Changes protein ( shape or different protein) FUNCTION Causes abnormal cell function

11  Point mutations (most common)  single nitrogen base change  Only one nucleotide changes ▪ silent mutation ▪ no amino acid change-> no change ▪ Why this happens? ->redundancy in code ▪ missense ▪ change amino acid-> change structure and function ▪ nonsense ▪ changes to ” stop codon”

12 Complete the video guide while watching  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CsgXHd WqVs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CsgXHd WqVs  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UpwV1t dxcs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9UpwV1t dxcs

13 What kind of mutation? Missense!

14 Frameshift mutations  shift in the reading frame ▪ changes everything “downstream”  insertions ▪ adding base(s)  Deletions ( most damaging) ▪ losing base(s) Where would this mutation cause the most change: beginning or end of gene?

15 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VxhQAQYg rKY&NR=1

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20  Resistant lice already existed before anti-lice shampoo over-use.  You can’t tan permanently!  Red light will not cause direct mutations.

21  Gametes/sex cell mutations  Yes Ex. Changes in egg and sperm cell genes due to chemicals  Somatic/body cell mutations  No Ex. Scars on your mother’s hand as a result of an accident

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24  Plasmids used to insert new genes into bacteria gene we want cut DNA with restriction enzymes cut plasmid DNA insert “gene we want” into plasmid...“glue” together with ligase like what? …insulin …Human Growth Hormone … healthy genes Cut DNA? DNA scissors? recombinant plasmid

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