2. oIn 1095, Europeans launched the Crusades to recapture Christian holy sites from Muslim invaders Holy Land oWhile in the Holy Land, crusaders came into contact with spices, silks and other goods from Asian markets oAs word reached Europe, people began to look for access to these goods oIn the 1200s Marco Polo returned from China with stories of vast wealth to be gained in Asian goods oThis led to new economic interests in Europe Europe

3. oImproved technology made it possible to search for an all water route to the Far East without having to go through the Mediterranean Sea or the Middle East oExamples include: a. Magnetic Compass – to determine direction b. Astrolabe - was used to calculate position by using the sun and stars Technology and Exploration

4. An Italian explorer and trader who sailed for Spain. Columbus crossed the Atlantic Ocean and reached the Americas in 1492. His voyage marked the beginning of European exploration and the colonization of the Americas.

5. Why Explore? Gold, God, Glory -Gold-European monarchs needed money to finance armies -God-Many wanted to spread Christianity -Glory-A sense of adventure and heroism attracted many explorers

7.  Earliest & most important industry for French (business) in North America  1500s-1800s Beaver fur was used to make hats, they were the fashion in Europe.  The French also traded fish The Fur Trade

8. In the late 1500's, colonies led by individuals failed miserably. Joint-stock companies developed-Groups of investors who bought shares in the colony. The first English attempt was by Sir Walter Raleigh on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. This resulted in a failure and the “Lost Colony.”

9. Virginia-founded at Jamestown in 1607 Problems: 1. Land chosen was swampy, unfit for farming, and full of disease. 2. Colonists were "gentlemen", rather than farmers and workers. 3. Colonists spent too much time searching for gold and silver.

10. Solutions: 1. John Smith took over and forced colonists to work. 2.New type of tobacco introduced that grew well in Virginia. 3.Ensured England’s land claim to a portion of the profits from the New World.

11. Events in Virigina: 1. 1618-headright system gave colonists 50 acres and increased immigration. Most immigrants were still indentured servants, however. 2.1619-First Africans arrived, most likely as indentured servants. 3.After Jamestown, religious freedom became motivation for colonization in the Americas.

12.  Massachusetts  Rhode Island  Connecticut and and  New Hampshire

13.  Pilgrims received a charter to settle in America  Pilgrims (Separatists) left for religious freedom  Mayflower went off course & landed in Plymouth, MA & landed in Plymouth, MA  Mayflower Compact – a social contract that promised to obey the laws passed “for the good of the colony”  Mayflower Compact – a social contract that promised to obey the laws passed “for the general good of the colony”  1 st self-government in America

14.  Puritans - Protestants who wanted to reform (purify) The Church of England  Royal charter to leave for religious freedom to practice their religion without persecution  Create a society based on the Bible  Town meetings (democratic government )  Only white male church members could vote

15. 1623 1623 Main town – Portsmouth Main town – Portsmouth Proprietary/ royal colony Proprietary/ royal colony John Wheelwright led a group of nonconformist Puritans from Massachusetts to Exeter, New Hampshire for religious freedom John Wheelwright led a group of nonconformist Puritans from Massachusetts to Exeter, New Hampshire for religious freedom

16.  1633 – Hartford  Thomas Hooker- Puritan minister dissatisfied with MA leadership led his congregation southeast of MA through the wilderness  For more freedom than the Puritans allowed in Massachusetts Bay  “The foundation of authority is laid in the free consent of the people." - Thomas Hooker  Adopted a governmental plan- Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: 1 st constitution in America

17.  1636 –Founded Providence, Rhode Island Founded by Roger Williams  Charter after being forced out of Massachusetts  For: Religious freedom & toleration  Against: taking Native American land

18. New New York New New Jersey Penns Pennsylvania Dware Delaware

19.  1624 – Dutch  New Amsterdam (New York City)  For excellent trade, the Hudson River, & a good harbor  English wanted it & attacked in 1664  A threat to other English trade & settlements  Dutch surrendered without a fight  Proprietary/Royal Colony  Gift to the Duke of York  Renamed - New York  Diverse Culture: German, Swedish, Dutch, Native American, & African  First Jewish in America  Fastest growing place in the colonies

20.  1638 founded Trenton  Land below New York given by Duke of York to Lord John Berkeley & Sir George Carteret Proprietary /royal colony Proprietary /royal colony  For land sales  Encouraged settlers by:  Large tracts of land  Freedom of religion  Trial by jury  A representative assembly  Ethnically diverse

21. 1682 – Founded Philadelphia (Brotherly love) 1682 – Founded Philadelphia (Brotherly love)  King gave to William Penn as payment for debt he owed the family --nearly as large as England Proprietary colony Proprietary colony  For religious freedom for Society of Friends-Quakers Believed in an “inner light” leading to salvation Believed in an “inner light” leading to salvation Pacifists Pacifists Everyone is equal Everyone is equal Welcomed different religions & nationalities Welcomed different religions & nationalities Treated Natives fairly Treated Natives fairly

22.  1638 - settled in Willmington  Settled by Swedes  Proprietary colony  For Swedish trading post  1682 English claimed the land  Swedish settlers built 1 st log cabins in America

23.  Virginia  G  Georgia C  North Carolina C  South Carolina  M  Maryland

24.  1634 – Main settlement of Baltimore (port city)  Lord Baltimore – Catholic  Proprietary colony north of VA  For a safe place for Catholics  Passed Toleration Act –Religious Freedom & toleration  Plantations grew bringing slaves & indentured servants

25.  1607 - Virginia Company of London Chesapeake Bay-Jamestown Chesapeake Bay-Jamestown Royal charter Royal charter For trade & profit For trade & profit England’s 1 st permanent American colony England’s 1 st permanent American colony  Difficult beginning years  Developed high grade tobacco= settlement flourished  Slave Labor  Created House of Burgesses for more local control-1 st representative assembly

26.  1653 –Carolina = Charles’ Land in Latin  Founded Charles Town, later called Charleston  8 proprietors created proprietary colony  For profit  John Locke wrote a constitution  Northern territory settled by VA farmers  Grew tobacco  Sold forest products, i.e. timber & tar  Southern more prosperous (Charleston harbor)  Grew rice  Developed indigo-dye for textiles  Used slaves  Split in 1670  2 royal colonies by 1729

27.  1733 – founded Savannah  James Oglethorpe  Proprietary/ Royal Charter for English debtors, poor people, & protection from Spanish Florida  Wanted “sober, industrial, & moral persons”  Religious freedom--Except Catholics  Banned slavery & rum  Given to the king in 1751 Founded 50 years after the other 12

28. “Columbian Exchange” European Colonial Empires Reasons for European Exploration NEW SPAIN Thirteen English Colonies NEW FRANCE NEW NETHERLAND ALLOWED RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE CORTÉS IN MEXICO PIZARRO IN PERU CANADA MISSISSIPPI DIVERSITY OF ETHNIC GROUPS PILGRIMS, PURITANS, MASSACHUSETTS PENNSYLVANIA QUAKERS MARYLAND CATHOLICS RELIGIOUS REASONS RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE RHODE ISLAND: ANNE HUTCHINSON WHY COLONIES WERE ESTABLISHED ECONOMIC REASONS VIRGINIA, THE CAROLINAS FUNDAMENTAL ORDERS OF CONNECTICUT GROWTH OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT WHY COLONISTS CAME VIRGINIA HOUSE OF BURGESSES POLITICAL, SOCIAL, ECONOMIC REASONS MEASLES SMALLPOX NEW DISEASES INTRODUCED TO NATIVE POPULATIONS NEW FOODS TO BOTH CULTURES GUNPOWDER COMPASS RUDDER TECHNICAL ADVANCES RELIGIOUS ZEAL DESIRE FOR GOLD & SILVER GROWTH OF TRADE SILKSSPICES POWER HUNGRY RULERS POTATOES TO EUROPE WHEAT TO AMERICAS MAYFLOWER COMPACT