1. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint ® Lecture Presentations prepared by Leslie Hendon University of Alabama, Birmingham 9 PART 1 Joints Pages 208-222, 224- 226, 228-231

2. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Joints Rigid elements of the skeleton meet at joints or articulations Structure of joints Enables resistance to crushing, tearing, and other forces Hold bones together Allow rigid skeleton some flexibility

3. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Classifications of Joints Joints can be classified by function or structure Functional classification—based on amount of movement Synarthroses—immovable; common in axial skeleton Amphiarthroses—slightly movable; common in axial skeleton Diarthroses—freely movable; common in appendicular skeleton/limbs (all synovial joints)

4. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Classifications of Joints Structural classification based on What separates the articulating bones (fibers, cartilage or joint cavity) Structural classifications include Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

5. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Classifications of Joints

6. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Fibrous Joints Bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue Do not have a joint cavity Most are immovable or slightly movable Types Sutures Syndesmoses Gomphoses

7. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Fibrous Joints Figure 9.1 Dense fibrous connective tissue Suture line Root of tooth Socket of alveolar process Periodontal ligament Fibula Tibia Ligament (a) Suture Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull. (b) Syndesmosis Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length but is longer than in sutures. (c) Gomphosis Peg-in-socket fibrous joint. Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket.

8. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Proximal Part of the Ulna Figure 8.4a, b Radial notch of the ulna Olecranon process Trochlear notch Coronoid process Proximal radioulnar joint Distal radioulnar joint Ulnar notch of the radius Head of ulna Styloid process of ulna Interosseous membrane Ulna Head Neck Radial tuberosity Radius Styloid process of radius (a) Anterior view Olecranon process Styloid process of radius Radius Neck of radius Head of radius Ulnar notch of the radius Head of ulna Styloid process of ulna Interosseous membrane Ulna (b) Posterior view

9. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Cartilaginous Joints Bones are united by cartilage Lack a joint cavity Two types Synchondroses Symphyses

10. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 9.2a Synchondroses Hyaline cartilage unites bones Epiphyseal plates Joint between first rib and manubrium Epiphyseal plate (temporary hyaline cartilage joint) Sternum (manubrium) Joint between first rib and sternum (immovable) (a) Synchondroses Bones united by hyaline cartilage

11. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Symphyses Figure 9.2b Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc Pubic symphysis Body of vertebra Hyaline cartilage (b) Symphyses Bones united by fibrocartilage

12. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Synovial Joints Most movable type of joint All are diarthroses Each contains a fluid-filled joint cavity

13. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. General Structure of Synovial Joints Articular cartilage Ends of opposing bones are covered with hyaline cartilage Absorbs compression Joint cavity (synovial cavity) Unique to synovial joints Cavity is a potential space that holds a small amount of synovial fluid

14. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Periosteum Ligament Fibrous capsule Synovial membrane Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid ) Articular (hyaline) cartilage Articular capsule (a) A typical synovial joint General Structure of Synovial Joints Figure 9.3a

15. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. General Structure of Synovial Joints Articular capsule—joint cavity is enclosed in a two-layered capsule Fibrous capsule—dense irregular connective tissue, which strengthens joint Synovial membrane—loose connective tissue Lines joint capsule and covers internal joint surfaces Functions to make synovial fluid

16. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. General Structure of Synovial Joints Synovial fluid A viscous fluid similar to raw egg white A filtrate of blood Arises from capillaries in synovial membrane Contains glycoprotein molecules secreted by fibroblasts

17. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Periosteum Ligament Fibrous capsule Synovial membrane Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid ) Articular (hyaline) cartilage Articular capsule (a) A typical synovial joint General Structure of Synovial Joints Figure 9.3a

18. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. General Structure of Synovial Joints Reinforcing ligaments Often are thickened parts of the fibrous capsule Richly supplied with sensory nerves

19. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Periosteum Ligament Fibrous capsule Synovial membrane Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid ) Articular (hyaline) cartilage Articular capsule (a) A typical synovial joint General Structure of Synovial Joints Figure 9.3a

20. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints Three basic types of movement Gliding—one bone across the surface of another Angular movement—movements change the angle between bones Rotation—movement around a bone's long axis

21. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Gliding Joints Flat surfaces of two bones slip across each other Gliding occurs between Carpals Articular processes of vertebrae Tarsals Figure 9.6a Gliding (a) Gliding movements at the wrist

22. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Angular Movements Increase or decrease angle between bones Movements involve Flexion and extension Abduction and adduction Circumduction

23. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Angular Movements Figure 9.6b (b) Angular movements: flexion and extension of the neck Extension Flexion

24. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Angular Movements Figure 9.6c Flexion Extension (c) Angular movements: flexion and extension of the trunk

25. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Angular Movements Figure 9.6e Abduction Adduction (e) Angular movements: abduction, adduction, and circumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder Circumduction

26. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Rotation Involves turning movement of a bone around its long axis The only movement allowed between atlas and axis vertebrae Occurs at the hip and shoulder joints

27. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Rotation Lateral rotation Medial rotation (f) Rotation of the head, neck, and lower limb Rotation Figure 9.6f

28. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Special Movements Elevation—lifting a body part superiorly Depression—moving the elevated part inferiorly Figure 9.7a Elevation of mandible Depression of mandible (a)Elevation Lifting a body part superiorly Depression Moving a body part inferiorly

29. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Special Movements Protraction—nonangular movement anteriorly Retraction—nonangular movement posteriorly Figure 9.7b Protraction of mandible Retraction of mandible (b)Protraction Moving a body part in the anterior direction Retraction Moving a body part in the posterior direction

30. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Special Movements Supination—forearm rotates laterally, palm faces anteriorly Pronation—forearm rotates medially, palm faces posteriorly Brings radius across the ulna

31. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Special Movements Figure 9.7c Supination (radius and ulna are parallel) (c) Pronation (P) Rotating the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly Supination (S) Rotating the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly Pronation (radius rotates over ulna)

32. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Special Movements Opposition—thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of other fingers Figure 9.7d (d) Opposition Moving the thumb to touch the tips of the other fingers Opposition

33. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Special Movements Inversion and eversion Special movements at the foot Inversion—turns sole medially Eversion—turns sole laterally

34. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Eversion Inversion (e) Inversion Turning the sole of the foot medially Eversion Turning the sole of the foot laterally Special Movements Figure 9.7e

35. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Special Movements Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion Up-and-down movements of the foot Dorsiflexion—lifting the foot so its superior surface approaches the shin Plantar flexion—depressing the foot, elevating the heel

36. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Special Movements Figure 9.7f Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion (f) Dorsiflexion Lifting the foot so its superior surface approaches the shin Plantar flexion Depressing the foot elevating the heel

37. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Synovial Joints Classified by Shape Plane joint Articular surfaces are flat planes Short gliding movements are allowed Intertarsal and intercarpal joints Movements are nonaxial Gliding does not involve rotation around any axis

38. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Plane Joint Figure 9.8a (a) Plane joint Gliding Metacarpals Carpals Nonaxial movement

39. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Synovial Joints Classified by Shape Hinge joints Cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough on another bone Angular movement is allowed in one plane Elbow, ankle, and joints between phalanges Movement is uniaxial—allows movement around one axis only

40. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Hinge Joint Figure 9.8b (b) Hinge joint Medial/ lateral axis Flexion and extension Humerus Ulna Uniaxial movement

41. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Synovial Joints Classified by Shape Pivot joints Classified as uniaxial – rotating bone only turns around its long axis Examples Proximal radioulnar joint Joint between atlas and axis

42. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Pivot Joint Figure 9.8c (c) Pivot joint Ulna Vertical axis Rotation Radius

43. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Synovial Joints Classified by Shape Condyloid joints Allow moving bone to travel Side to side—abduction-adduction Back and forth—flexion-extension Classified as biaxial—movement occurs around two axes

44. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Condyloid Joint Figure 9.8d (d) Condyloid joint Medial/ lateral axis Adduction and abduction Flexion and extension Metacarpals Phalanges Anterior/ posterior axis Biaxial movement

45. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Synovial Joints Classified by Shape Saddle joints Each articular surface has concave and convex surfaces Classified as biaxial joints 1st carpometacarpal joint is a good example Allows opposition of the thumb

46. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Synovial Joints Classified by Shape Figure 9.8e (e) Saddle joint Anterior/ posterior axis Medial/ lateral axis Adduction and abduction Metacarpal 1 Trapezium Flexion and extension

47. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Synovial Joints Classified by Shape Ball-and-socket joints Spherical head of one bone fits into round socket of another Classified as multiaxial—allow movement in all axes Shoulder and hip joints are examples

48. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Ball-and-Socket Joint Figure 9.8f PLAY Movement of the glenohumeral joint (a) (f) Ball-and-socket joint Medial/lateral axis Anterior/posterior axis Vertical axis Rotation Adduction and abduction Flexion and extension Scapula Humerus Multiaxial movement

49. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Glenohumeral Joint- ball & socket Figure 9.11a, b Acromion of scapula Synovial membrane Fibrous capsule Hyaline cartilage Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa Fibrous articular capsule Tendon sheath Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle (a) Frontal section through right shoulder joint Synovial cavity of the glenoid cavity containing synovial fluid Glenoid labrum Humerus

50. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Glenohumeral Joint The rotator cuff is made up of four muscles and their associated tendons Subscapularis Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Rotator cuff injuries are common shoulder injuries

51. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Structures of the Scapula Figure 8.2a Acromion Coracoid process Suprascapular notch Superior border Superior angle Subscapular fossa Medial border Inferior angle Glenoid cavity Lateral border (a) Right scapula, anterior aspect

52. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Superior angle Medial border Coracoid process Suprascapular notch Acromion Glenoid cavity at lateral angle Lateral border Infraspinous fossa Spine (b) Right scapula, posterior aspect Supraspinous fossa Structures of the Scapula Figure 8.2b

53. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Glenohumeral Joint 1 Coracohumeral ligament 2 Glenohumeral Ligament Posterior view, right

54. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Glenohumeral Joint Figure 9.11c Acromion Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa Coracohumeral ligament Greater tubercle of humerus Transverse humeral ligament Tendon sheath Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle Articular capsule reinforced by glenohumeral ligaments Subscapular bursa Tendon of the subscapularis muscle Scapula Coracoid process (c) Anterior view of right shoulder joint capsule

55. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Elbow Joint- hinge Figure 9.12a, b Articular capsule Synovial membrane Synovial cavity Articular cartilage Coronoid process Tendon of brachialis muscle Ulna Humerus Fat pad Tendon of triceps muscle Bursa Trochlea Articular cartilage of the trochlear notch (a) Mid-sagittal section through right elbow (lateral view) Humerus Lateral epicondyle Articular capsule Radial collateral ligament Olecranon process (b) Lateral view of right elbow joint Anular ligament Radius Ulna

56. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Elbow Joint Figure 9.12c, d Articular capsule Anular ligament Coronoid process (d) Medial view of right elbow Radius Humerus Medial epicondyle Ulnar collateral ligament Ulna Anular ligament Humerus Medial epicondyle Ulnar collateral ligament Ulna Articular capsule Radius Coronoid process of ulna (c) Cadaver photo of medial view of right elbow

57. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Elbow Joint 1 Lateral (radial) collateral ligament 2 Medial (ulnar) collateral Ligament Medial view, left

58. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Hip Joint- ball & socket 1 Iliofemoral ligament 2 Ischiofemoral ligament 3 Pubofemoral ligament Anterior view, right

59. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal Section and Anterior View of the Hip Joint Figure 9.14a, Articular cartilage Coxal (hip) bone Ligament of the head of the femur (ligamentum teres) Synovial cavity Articular capsule Acetabular labrum Femur (a) Frontal section through the right hip joint

60. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior inferior iliac spine Iliofemoral ligament Pubofemoral ligament Greater trochanter (d) Anterior view of right hip joint, capsule in place Posterior View of the Hip Joint Figure 9.14c, d Ischium Iliofemoral ligament Ischiofemoral ligament Greater trochanter of femur (c) Posterior view of right hip joint, capsule in place

61. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Knee Joint- Hinge 1.Patellar Ligament 2.Lateral (Fibular) Collateral Ligament 3.Medial (Tibial) Collateral Ligament 4.Anterior Cruciate Ligament 5.Posterior Ligament 6.Medial Meniscus 7.Lateral Meniscus

62. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior View of Flexed Knee Figure 9.15e, f Fibular collateral ligament Posterior cruciate ligament Medial condyle Tibial collateral ligament Anterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus Patellar ligament Patella Quadriceps tendon Lateral condyle of femur Lateral meniscus Fibula (e) Anterior view of flexed knee, showing the cruciate ligaments (articular capsule removed, and quadriceps tendon cut and reflected distally) Tibia Medial femoral condyle Anterior cruciate ligament Medial meniscus on medial tibial condyle Patella (f) Photograph of an opened knee joint; view similar to (e)

63. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.