1. Westminster eForum: IP and the Future of Copyright UK Copyright: How it compares internationally and who are the winners and losers March 2008 Ray Corrigan Open University

2. Outline UK Background History Gowers International comparisons WWW Term, TPM, P2P Winners, losers and evidence Creators Agents (business) Public

3. Background Types of copyright Literary, dramatic, artistic, musical works Books, music, software, films, databases, packaging, tickets, lists of rules, ads… Protects expression of “idea”, not idea itself Creators use earlier work

4. UK Copyright Context History Statute of Anne (1709) Macaulay – tax on readers to benefit writers Berne Convention (1886… 1908… 1951… 1971…) UK Copyright Acts (1911 & 1956) Rome Convention (1961) CDPA 1988 TRIPS (GATT/WTO 1994/’95) 1996 WIPO Treaties EU directives - IPRED, e-commerce, EUCD, databases, sw, semiconductors, cr term…

5. Gowers Review UK 2006 IP enforcement IP crime – police and trading standards 10 years jail Reform of copyright Balance – fair dealing & exceptions for private format shifting Libraries, archives, education No term extension on sound recordings - economics Patent Office → IPO Advisory Board on IP Policy

6. WWW Mid 1990s WWW Copyright upheaval Many changes internationally US DMCA, CTEA 1998 EU EUCD, IPRED, ECD Mexico life + 100 France: 3 strikes Antigua: Gambling + WTO = Infringement

7. Term, ISPs EU & US life + 70 Mexico life + 100 Others Berne norm life + 50 US CDA s230 + DMCA s512 safe harbours E-commerce directive – protect ISPs? UK 2002 ecommerce directive regulations s17-19 But +EUCD in SABAM v Tiscali/Scarlet Belgian court Nov. 2007 Mandate filters for CR? China notice and takedown law 2005

8. ISPs, P2P Ireland: music cos. v Eircom Israel court: ISPs must block torrent site Canada BMG v Doe 2005: ISP can’t ID Irish High Court: ISPs must ID users 2006 English High Court: ISPs must ID users 2006 German court: ISP can’t ID p2p users 2008 France 3 strikes memorandum

9. Stakeholders (winners & losers) Public (Consumers) Creators Agents* * Business e.g. Music, film, software, media companies, publishers

10. Creators Z depends on i) term ii) scope iii) penalties iv) case law v)enforcement

11. Consumers Societal welfare equals (weighted) sum of consumers, creators & agents

12. Agents of creators Music, film, software, media companies and publishers Za > Zc

13. Lined up Possibly Z a > Z c > Z consumers

14. Evidence Optimal strength varies for creators, agents and consumers Possibly Z a > Z c > Z consumers We don’t know Very little empirical evidence Case study of specific firms Surveys of creators, firms, lawyers, etc Data & econometrics National or sector trends/comparisons Sales of CDs, films, etc Collecting society data Legal cases matched to firm-level data

15. Recent proposed changes 3 strikes Winners - agents & creators Losers - agents & creators & public Term extension Winners - agents & creators Losers - agents & creators & public 4% > 20 years old available 96% locked up Public Creators Agents

16. When regulating… Audience 15 million Radio 40 years TV 15 years www 3 years (600 million+ in 7 years) Law can’t keep up Reed – doctrine of creative inertia Empirical work/evidence needed On creators, agents and consumers