1. CLIMATE Part I: Factors that affect climate

2. What is Weather? Weather = all natural phenomena within the atmosphere at a given time (hours to days)

3. What is Climate? Climate = the average and variations of weather over a long period of time (~30 years) Above: Global average for atmospheric water vapor.

4. WATER CYCLE

5. The Earth has many different systems that interact with each other in different ways. Land OceansAtmosphere Biosphere Ice The Climate System

6. Climate Overview http://study.com/academy/lesson/how- weather-patterns-affect-the-climate-of-a- region.htmlhttp://study.com/academy/lesson/how- weather-patterns-affect-the-climate-of-a- region.html http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/ climate-weather-scihttp://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/ climate-weather-sci

7. Two factors that determine a region’s climate Temperature Precipitation

8. Factors that influence climate Elevation: For every 1,000 feet above sea level the temperature drops approximately 2 o C (3.6º F)

9. Factors that influence climate Latitude: The further north or south from the equator, the cooler/colder the climate is.

10. Factors that influence climate Distance from a large body of water: Water temperatures do not vary more than 10 to 12º - stabilizes temperatures. Inland temperatures vary much more (60- 70º during the day and 100º from season to season)

11. Factors that influence climate OCEAN CURRENTS: If the current starts at the equator it will be warm If the current starts at the poles it will be cold

12. Ocean circulation The Great Ocean Conveyor Sinking cool water, rising warm water and wind help to form global ocean current systems.

13. Factors that influence climate GLOBAL WINDS : Major wind patterns of the world

14. Atmospheric circulation Sunlight

16. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE NEVADA’S CLIMATE RAINSHADOW EFFECT

18. Climate zones of the world

19. Climate Animations http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/ clim_animations/flash/tmp2m.htmlhttp://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/ clim_animations/flash/tmp2m.html

20. Temperature Changes http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/ clim_animations/flash/tmp2m.htmlhttp://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/ clim_animations/flash/tmp2m.html

21. Precipitation Changes http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/ clim_animations/flash/pwat.htmlhttp://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/ clim_animations/flash/pwat.html

22. RESULTS: 3 MAJOR CLIMATE ZONES OF THE WORLD

23. PRACTICE Look at the following locations – what type of climate would you predict for this location? Why?

24. Ulan Bator

25. Izmir, Turkey

26. Winnipeg, Canada

27. Las Vegas, Nevada

28. ACTIVITY GLOBAL CHANGE TODAY AND LESSONS FROM THE PETM Let’s look at some data and answer some questions about what the climate has been doing…..

29. PAGE 1 1,2,3 50-year and 150-year trends in CO 2

30. Keeling Curve

32. DATA pre 1800’s? Use ‘proxy’ data This is data that indirectly shows changes in temperature Ice cores excellent resource for this –Bubbles of air trapped in the ice are analyzed for CO 2 content

33. Variations in the earth-sun relationship

34. Responsible for …. ICE AGES Why????

35. QUESTIONS Part II 1,2,3 What trends are we seeing? Do these changes seem ‘normal’?

38. PETM Ancient example of a very dramatic change in global temperatures

39. What caused it? Not sure Some have theorized that there was a sudden release of greenhouse gases (probably methane) from sedimentary rocks. Questions – last page

40. PETM Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), Occurred 55 million years ago and records an abrupt change in the ocean-climate system related to global warming Scientists use this record as a way to compare what trends we are seeing in today’s climate

42. PETM explained… https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w88O3 5fBoyEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w88O3 5fBoyE pdf: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science- nature/ancient-earth-warmed-dramatically- after-one-two-carbon-punch- 180953610/?no-ist http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science- nature/ancient-earth-warmed-dramatically- after-one-two-carbon-punch- 180953610/?no-ist

43. Climate Change – panel discussion 1 hour 45 minutes: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81Zb0 pJa3Hg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81Zb0 pJa3Hg

44. HOW CAN SCIENTISTS TELL THESE HISTORIC TEMPERATURES OF THE CLIMATE THROUGH GEOLOGIC TIME???

45. ACTIVITY SECRETS OF THE SEDIMENTS Let’s look at some data from a deep sea drill core – what can it tell us?

46. BACKGROUND JOIDES Resolution Oxygen Isotope Ratios in the microfossils found in their drilling of the sea floor Oxygen-16 –8 protons, 8 neutrons Oxygen-18 –8 protons, 10 neutrons

47. How does this help me discover changes in climate? Microfossils use oxygen from the water to create their carbonate shells O-16 is lighter, and can be evaporated more easily During glacial periods, the O-16 becomes locked up in the glacial ice, while O-18 remains in the ocean water

48. So….. If microfossils are enriched with O-18, we are assuming a glacial period During non-glacial periods (called interglacial) the O-18 : O-16 ratio is closer to one

50. PROCEDURE You will take this oxygen ratio and plot it against the age of the sediment. From the graph, answer the questions about what the climate is doing

51. HOMEWORK Chapter 15/19 Summary ws ScrAPESbook topic: Are extreme weather events associated with climate change? http://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/20 16/03/11/extreme-weather-attribution- climate-change/81639624/ http://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/20 16/03/11/extreme-weather-attribution- climate-change/81639624/