1. Chapter 26 Biomolecules: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins Amino Acid Peptide 2~50 Protein 50

3. 26.1 Structures of Amino Acids Internal salts amphoteric Large dipolar moments Soluble in water but insoluble in hydrocarbons High melting points

4. Amphoteric

6. chirality Neutral Acidic basic 丙氨酸 丝氨酸

8. Aspartic acid 天冬氨酸 Glutamic acid 谷氨酸 Cysteine 半胱氨酸 Serine 丝氨酸 Tyrosine 酪氨酸 Lysine 赖氨酸 Arginine 精氨酸 Histidine 组氨酸

12. 天冬氨酸 赖氨酸

15. 26.3 Synthesis of Amino Acids 亮氨酸 1. Hell-Volhard-Zelinskii reaction

16. The Amidomalonate Synthesis Serine ( 丝氨酸）

18. Gabriel amine Synthesis

19. 蛋氨酸 谷氨酸

20. Reductive Amination of  -Keto Acids: Biosynthesis Strecker Synthesis

27. Alanine 丙氨酸 Serine 苏氨酸

28. 26.6 Covalent Bonding in Peptides

30. Mild oxidation

31. 26.7 Structure Determination of Peptides: Amino Acid Analysis What amino acids are present? How much of each is present? In what sequence do the amino acids occur in the peptide chain? The answers to the first two questions are provided by an instrument called an amino acid analyzer Chromatography column

32. 茚三酮水合物

39. 26.9 Peptide Sequencing: C-Terminal Residue Determination

40. 26.10 Peptide Synthesis

44. 氨基的保护 氯代甲酸苯甲酯 Cbz or Z

46. 羧基的保护 酯 甲酯 / 乙酯 / 苄酯

48. 亮氨酸

49. 26.11 Automated Peptide Synthesis: The Merrifield Solid-Phase Technique

50. 26.12 Protein Classification Simple proteins: such as blood serum albumin, amino acids Conjugated proteins: amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, nucleic acids Fibrous proteins: collagen ( 胶原质）, keratin （角蛋白） tendons, hooves, horn, muscles Globular

53. The primary structure of a protein is simply the amino acid sequence. The secondary structure of a protein describes how segments of the peptide backbone orient into a regular pattern. The tertiary structure describes how the entire protein molecule coils into an overall three-dimensional shape. The quaternary structure describes how different protein molecules Come together to yield large aggregate structures.

55. Fibroin （蚕丝蛋白） The  -pleated-sheet structure in silk fibroin

57. Myoglobin ( 肌血球素）

59. 胆固醇

70. 27.3 Phospholipids

72. 27.5 Terpenoids

73. 单萜 10C 2 个异戊二烯 倍半萜 15C 3 二萜 20C 4 三萜 30C 5

74. 27.6 Biosynthesis of Terpenoids

75. 27.7 Steroids

77. 27.8 Stereochemistry of Steroids