1. The value of hypothesis testing in analysing organised crime Matt Ashby

2. Source:Hough, A. 2012. Foreign criminal syndicates ‘behind metal thefts in Britain’. The Telegraph. 31 March.

3. Source:Mills, M, S Skodbo and P Blyth. 2013. Understanding organised crime: estimating the scale and the social and economic costs. London: Home Office.

4. Source:House of Commons Transport Select Committee. 2012. Cable Theft on the Railway. London: UK Parliament.

5. To what extent are organised crime groups involved in metal theft in England and Wales?

6. Why did we use hypothesis testing? Gathering information on OCGs is difficult There is no OCG marker on most systems Police know less about OCGs in new crime problems

7. Hypothesis testing in crime analysis Summarise the problemChoose 3–5 hypotheses to testAnalyse those hypothesesDraw conclusions Source:Chainey, S. 2012. Improving the explanatory content of analysis products using hypothesis testing. Policing 6(2):108–121.

8. Generating hypotheses Existing evidence Discussions with police Potential hypotheses

9. If OCGs are involved in metal theft … some metal thieves would have previously been involved in offences associated with OCGs police intelligence would suggest some metal thieves are involved in OCGs some metal thieves would use sophisticated methods to steal metal

10. n = 839 offenders every person charged/cautioned for metal theft by British Transport Police, 2007–13

11. Metal thievesAll offenders Male97%78% White94%81% British83%80% Chronic offenders (15 or more detections) 50%5% Offended as child (convicted age <18 years) 61%46% Source:Francis, B, L Humphreys, S Kirby and K Soothill. 2013. Understanding Criminal Careers in Organised Crime. London: Home Office.

12. Most common offences Theft 1.Shoplifting 2.Taking motor vehicle 3.Burglary (OTD) 4.Burglary (dwelling) 5.Theft from vehicle Non-theft 1.No insurance 2.Drug possession 3.Failing to appear 4.Disqualified driving 5.Criminal damage

13. Hypothesis 1 If OCGs are involved in metal theft … some metal thieves would have previously been involved in offences associated with OCGs

14. four offenders had previous convictions for offences that the Home Office believe might be ‘indicative’ of involvement in an OCG

15. Hypothesis 2 If OCGs are involved in metal theft … police intelligence would suggest some metal thieves are involved in OCGs

16. eleven offenders linked to OCGs on police intelligence databases

17. 400 metal thefts chosen at random 25% of known metal thefts by sample offenders

18. “Suspect and younger friend … walked past a quantity of lead in an alleyway, returned home to pick up a bag then returned and placed [the metal] in a holdall to sell it at a local scrap merchant.”

19. Hypothesis 3 If OCGs are involved in metal theft … some metal thieves would use sophisticated methods to steal metal

20. nine thefts involved sophisticated methods e.g. large groups of offenders, use of fake documents or specialist equipment

21. Overall 0.5% of metal thieves have an organised-crime conviction 1.3% of metal thieves were linked to OCGs by intelligence information 4.5% of metal thefts involved sophisticated methods

22. Testing the hypotheses showed that the involvement of OCGs in metal theft in England and Wales is substantially less than previously thought

23. Thanks The National Crime Agency for facilitating data access and analysis British Transport Police and the Home Office for data Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council for funding (grant EP/G037264/1: Security Science Doctoral Training Centre) Credits Software:Microsoft Access, R Pictures:Staffs Live and West Midlands Police via Flickr Sasha Lantukh and Wilson Joseph via the Noun Project

24. These slides: lesscrime.info/g/2 Journal article: lesscrime.info/g/3 matthew.ashby@ntu.ac.uk Twitter @lesscrime