2. Chapter 8 Cellular Energy
Section 1: How Organisms Obtain Energy
Section 2: Photosynthesis
Section 3: Cellular Respiration

3. 8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy
Objectives:
Summarize the two laws of thermodynamics.
Compare and contrast autotrophs and heterotrophs.
Describe how ATP works in a cell.
Main Idea – All living organisms use energy to carry out all biological processes.

4. Biological process that need energy:
Making proteins,carbohydrates,
moving things in and out of cell,
replicating DNA,
preparing for cell division

5. Energy is the ability to do work 2. Types of energy
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy
Transformation of Energy
Energy is the ability to do work
2. Types of energy
radiant, mechanical, thermal, chemical and nuclear

7. 3. Thermodynamics studies the flow and transformation of energy.
What does the fox say?

8. Laws of Thermodynamics
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy
Laws of Thermodynamics
4. First law of Thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy.
This law states that energy can be converted from one form to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed.
Ex. Stored energy in foods is converted to chemical energy when you eat and mechanical energy when you run.

9. Where does that energy come from
Where does that energy come from? Ultimately the sun How does it get transferred to humans? Energy is converted to a usable form by breaking down energy from food we eat

10. 5. The second law of thermodynamics states
5. The second law of thermodynamics states energy cannot be converted without the loss of usable energy. This means
energy lost is converted to thermal energy or heat.

11. Ecological Pyramids
Entropy- is a measure of unusable energy in a system.
Entropy(unusable energy) increases in a system; ex. food chain

12. 6. All organisms need energy to live. 7
6. All organisms need energy to live. 7. All energy for life comes from the sun. It is the ultimate source of energy for all life.

13. Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.1 How Organisms Obtain Energy
Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Autotrophs are organisms that make their own food.
a. Chemoautrophs – use inorganic substances to make their food ex. Bacteria use hydrogen sulfide as a source of energy
b.Photoautotrophs – use energy from the sun to make food (plants); generally shortened to term autotrophs

14. Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot make their own food and eat autotrophs to get energy.
10. Energy flows from autotrophs to heterotrophs.

15. 11. Metabolism is all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell.

16. 12. Metabolic pathway - a series of chemical
reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate (reactant) for the next reaction;
2 types:
anabolic – building up process that uses energy (photosynthesis)
catabolic – breaking down process that releases energy (cellular respiration)

17. Which one is anabolic? Catabolic—Cellular Respiration
Anabolic--Photosynthesis

18. Metabolic Pathway Draw this diagram Sunlight Photosynthesis
(autotrophs)
C6H12O6
Cellular Respiration
(heterotrophs)

19. 13. In living organisms, chemical energy is stored in biological molecules and can be converted to other forms of energy when needed. 14. Adenosine triphosphate – ATP is the most important biological molecule that provides energy to the cell.

20. Adenine base, ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups.
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
15. ATP is made up of an
Adenine base, ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups.

21. 16. Energy is released when the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate is
broken; ADP is formed

22. 17. ATP ADP + P + energy(stored in a cell)

24. ATP re-formation occurs at a very fast pace.
About 10,000,000 X per second in each cell.
Each ATP molecule is recycled times a day.

25. ATP efficient at transferring energy,
not very good for storing larger amounts of energy over the long term.

26. Draw this picture in your comp book.
1. What is ATP made of? 2. What do the lines between parts of the molecule represent? 3. What would be the result if the third phosphate was removed?

27. 8.1 assessment
1. What is the ability to do work? 2. What are some types of energy? 3. What is the name of the study of energy? 4. How does the first law of thermodynamics differ from the second law of thermodynamics? 5. How do humans get energy from the sun?

28. 6. What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph?
7. Which way does the energy flow between an autotroph and a heterotroph?
8. What is the difference between metabolism and a metabolic pathway?
What are the two types of metabolic pathways?
What is the difference between the two pathways you listed in number 9?

29. 11. Where is chemical energy stored in living organisms. 12
11. Where is chemical energy stored in living organisms? 12. Which biological molecule is the most important? 13. What are the components of ATP? 14. What part of the molecule must be broken to get energy released in the ATP molecule?

30. 8.1 vocabulary Energy Thermodynamics First law of thermodynamics
Second law of thermodynamics
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Metabolism
Metabolic pathway
Anabolic
Catabolic
Adenosine triphosphate - ATP

31. 8.2 Photosynthesis
Main Idea - Light (radiant) energy is trapped and converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis.
Overview of photosynthesis
1. Plants convert sun’s energy to chemical energy stored in sugar (2 phases)
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6 H12 O O2

32. 8.2 vocabulary 1. photosynthesis 2. Chloroplast 3. Thylakoid 4. Grana
5. Stroma
6. Pigment
7. Light dependent reaction
8. Calvin cycle
9. Electron transport chain 10. C4 plants 11. CAM plants

34. Reactants Products
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6 H12 O O2

35. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast of a plant (usually located in the leaf).

36. Chloroplast

37. 3. The inside of a chloroplast contains:
Thylakoid - flat saclike membranes in the chloroplast filled with pigments.
grana – stacks of thylakoids
stroma – space outside and between grana

38. Draw this diagram Label as chloroplast membrane

39. 4. The chloroplast also contains the chlorophyll pigment which gives the plant its green color.
5. Pigments are light absorbing colored molecules.
6. Chlorophyll’s electrons absorb energy from the sun. These electrons move to other molecules releasing energy for the formation of the ATP molecule.

40. 7. There are two steps involved in photosynthesis
7. There are two steps involved in photosynthesis. The first step involves the absorption of light in the chloroplast. It is called the light dependent reaction(light is required). 8. The light dependent reaction takes place in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast.

41. 9. The light dependent phase produces ATP and NADPH which are both used in the 2nd phase of photosynthesis called the light independent phase.

42. Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.2 Photosynthesis
10. Light independent cycle does not require light and occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast.

43. 11.The light independent cycle requires energy from light dependent cycle (ATP
and NADPH) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere to make the molecule C6H12O6 (glucose). Oxygen (O2) is formed as a waste product. Called Calvin Cycle too
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6 H12 O O2

44. Photosynthesis Reactants Products 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Write this!!!
Reactants Products
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
glucose oxygen
Light Light Light Light
Independent Dependent Independent Dependent
Reaction Reaction Reaction Reaction OR
(Calvin
Cycle)
2nd 1st 2nd 1st
Phase Phase Phase Phase
Sun's Energy

45. Light Dependent Reaction
Reactants
Products
Sunlight
Water
Light Dependent Reaction
Oxygen
ATP
NADPH
Draw and write this!!!!
CO2
Light independent Reaction (Calvin cycle)
Sugar (glucose)

46. Draw this diagram Label as chloroplast

47. 12. Factors affecting photosynthesis are water, temperature, and intensity of light.

48. Factors affecting Photosynthesis
Water
To little water can slow or stop photosynthesis
Temperature
Photosynthesis depends on enzymes that function best between 0o and 35o C. At very low temperatures, photosynthesis may not take place.
Intensity of Light
Increasing intensity, increases rate of photosynthesis. The plant does reach a level for the max rate of photosynthesis.

49. Many plants that grow in an extreme climates have developed alternative photosynthetic pathways to maximize the conversion of light energy into chemical energy.
C4 plants- these plants keep stomata of leaves closed during hot days to minimize water loss and allow sufficient uptake of CO2. Ex. Sugar cane and corn

50. 15. CAM plants – allow CO2 to only enter the leaves at night when the atmosphere is cooler and more humid. These plants live in very dry environments. This pathway allows for sufficient CO2 uptake, while minimizing water loss. Ex. Cacti, orchids, and pineapples.

51. 8.2 assessment 1. What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
2. What happens to energy during photosynthesis?
3. What part of the plant does photosynthesis take place in?
What pigment is found in the chloroplast?
What is the function of pigments?

52. 6. What are the three parts of the chloroplast that we discussed?
7. What do the electrons in chlorophyll do to form ATP?
8. How many steps are there in photosynthesis?
9. What are the two steps called?
Where in the chloroplast do both steps occur?

53. 11. What are the reactants of the light dependent cycle. 12
11. What are the reactants of the light dependent cycle? 12. What is produced in the light dependent cycle that is used to fuel the light independent cycle? 13. What happens to water during the light dependent cycle? 14. What is produced during the light dependent cycle that is a byproduct and released as waste?

54. 15. Does is required in the light dependent cycle that is not required in the light independent cycle? 16. What are the reactants of the light independent cycle? 17. What produced during the light independent cycle? 18. What happens to ATP and NADPH when it goes through the light independent cycle?

55. 19. What are the three factors that affect how fast photosynthesis occurs? 20. What do C4 plants do to perform photosynthesis in a different way? 21. What are some examples of C4 plants? 22. What do CAM plants do to perform photosynthesis in a different way? 23. What are some examples of CAM plants?

56. Phase 1 Of Photosynthesis Light Dependent Reaction
Honors only
Takes place in thylakoid of chloroplast Uses an Electron Transport Chain Photosystems- protein complexes with light absorbing pigments; embedded in thylakoid membrane

57. Step 1- light energy excites electrons in photosystem II and splits the water molecules. Result- electron released in electron transport system, a hydrogen ion (H+) into thylakoid space and O2 as a waste product.

58. Step 2 – excited electrons move from photosystem II to electron carriers to photosystem I.

59. Step 3 – Photosystem I is stimulated by light and electrons are re-energized and NADPH is formed.

60. Step 4 – Chemiosmosis- Protons accumulate in thylakoid space from break down of H20. This creates a concentration gradient causing H+ to diffuse from the thylakoid space to the stroma through channels in the membrane called ATP synthase, an enzyme that makes ATP.

61. Phase II of Photosynthesis Light Independent Reaction
Step 1- Six CO2 molecules combine with six 5 carbon compounds to form twelve 3 carbon molecules, 3-PGA

62. Step 2 – chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH is transferred to 3-PGA to form high energy molecules G3P.

63. Step 3 – 2 G3P molecules leave the cycle to be used for the production of glucose and other organic compounds

64. Step 4 – An enzyme, rubisco, converts the remaining G3P molecules into 5 carbon compounds. These carbon compounds will combine with new CO2 molecules to continue the cycle.

65. 8.3 Cellular Respiration
Main Idea – Living organisms obtain energy by breaking down organic molecules during cellular respiration. (catabolic)
1. Overview of Cellular Respiration
A process that supplies cells with energy (ATP)
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)

66. 2. The purpose of cellular respiration is to harvest electrons from carbon compounds, like glucose, and use that energy to make ATP.

67. 3. Cellular Respiration takes place in the mitochondria of all eukaryotic cells.

69. 4. ATP provides energy for cells to do work.
5. There are three main parts in cellular respiration: glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain.

70. Three Steps
Kreb’s
Cycle
Electron
Transport
Chain
Glycolysis

71. 6. Glycolysis is the process that breaks down glucose C6H12O6
6. Glycolysis is the process that breaks down glucose C6H12O6. It is an anaerobic process and takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. 7. Anaerobic means no oxygen needed. There is no oxygen in the cytoplasm.

72. 8. Two ATP molecules are needed to break the glucose molecule
8. Two ATP molecules are needed to break the glucose molecule. Four ATP molecules are produced at the end of glycolysis. Net gain is 2 ATP molecules for glycolysis. 9. Also during glycolysis, two three carbon compounds called pyruvate are produced. C C C C C C
Pyruvate
Pyruvate

73. C6H1206 Cellular respiration releases energy
in the molecule a little at a time

74. Three Steps Kreb’s Cycle Glycolysis 2 ATP 2 NADH Electron Transport
Chain
Glycolysis
2 ATP

75. The second part of cellular respiration is the Krebs Cycle
The second part of cellular respiration is the Krebs Cycle. It is an aerobic process. Aerobic means oxygen is required.
The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondria where oxygen is present.

76. During the Krebs Cycle, the pyruvate from glycolysis moves to the mitochondrial matrix and is converted to CO2.

77. CO2 C C C C C C
Pyruvate
Pyruvate

78. The result of the Krebs cycle is six CO2 molecules and two ATP molecules.
The last step of the Krebs cycle is called electron transport. It is an aerobic process because it takes place in the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Electrons produced in the Krebs cycle move along the mitochondrial matrix and convert ADP molecules to ATP molecules.

79. The electron transport produces 32 ATP molecules
The electron transport produces 32 ATP molecules. Therefore, it is the most efficient step in cellular respiration.
In eukaryotes, one molecule of glucose yields 36 ATP.

80. Three Steps Kreb’s Cycle Glycolysis 2 ATP 32 2 NADH 6 NADH Acetyl CoA
2 FADH2
2 NADH
2 NADH
6 NADH
Acetyl
CoA
Kreb’s
Cycle
Electron
Transport
Chain
Glycolysis
2 ATP
2 ATP 32

81. Krebs Cycle Reactants Products Glycolysis
C6H12O6
2 ATP
Glycolysis
Cytoplasm outside mitochondria
4 molecules ATP
2 pyruvate molecules
2 CO2 molecules
6O2
4CO2
2ATP
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
32 ATP
6 H20

82. In prokaryotic cellular respiration, the electron transport takes place in the plasma membrane since there is no mitochondria.
Net total of ATP produced during cellular respiration for prokaryotes is 38 ATP.

83. Prokaryotic Cellular Respiration
Where does cellular respiration take place?
Cell membrane
Net total is 38 ATP since no energy expended to move to mitochondria.

84. 20. Cellular respiration can occur in anaerobic bacteria
20. Cellular respiration can occur in anaerobic bacteria. They can grow and reproduce without oxygen.
Some eukaryotic cells can also undergo anaerobic respiration when oxygen has been depleted in cells.
Anaerobic respiration relies upon glycolysis and then a process called fermentation that take place in the cytoplasm.

85. Fermentation is a process that produces NAD to allow cells to maintain glycolysis in the absence of oxygen.
In lactic acid fermentation enzymes convert pyruvate made during glycolysis to lactic acid.

86. 25. Skeletal muscles produce lactic acid when the body cannot supply enough oxygen during exercise. When lactic acid builds up in muscles, they become fatigued and feel sore.

87. 26. Lactic acid fermentation is also used to produce foods like cheese, yogurt, and sour cream.

88. 8.3 vocabulary
1. cellular respiration 2. Glycolysis 3. krebs cycle 4. anaerobic 5. Aerobic respiration 6. Pyruvate 7. fermentation
8. lactic acid fermentation 9. alcohol fermentation

89. 8.3 assessment
1. What happens to sugar molecules during cellular respiration? 2. Which organelle does cellular respiration occur in? 3. What is the purpose of ATP? 4. What are the three steps of cellular respiration? 5. Where does glycolysis take place? Why?

90. 6. What is the net gain of ATP molecules from glycolysis?
7. What is pyruvate? When is it produced?
8. What is the second part of cellular respiration?
9. Where does it take place? Why?
During the Krebs cycle, what does pyruvate get converted in to?

91. What is the resulting number of CO2 molecules and ATP molecules after the Kreb’s cycle?
12. What is the last step of the Kreb’s cycle?
13. Which part of the mitochondria does the electron transport take place?
14. How many ATP molecules are produced during electron transport?
15. Which step of cellular respiration is the most efficient? Why?

92. 16. Where does prokaryotic cellular respiration take place
16. Where does prokaryotic cellular respiration take place? Why not in the mitochondria? 17. What is the net total of ATP production in prokaryotic cellular respiration? 18. What are the two steps used during anaerobic respiration in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? 19. What happens to pyruvate during lactic acid fermentation?

93. 20. When lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscles in eukaryotic cells, how do muscle cells feel? 21. What are some foods that are made as a result of lactic acid fermentation?

94. Steps of Cellular Respiration
Step 1—Glycolysis-anaerobic- in cytoplasm Glucose is broken down using 2 ATP molecules 4ATP molecules made 2 pyruvic acid molecules

95. Step 2- Krebs cycle- pyruvate reacts to make acetyl CoA
Step 2- Krebs cycle- pyruvate reacts to make acetyl CoA. CO2 is released and NAD+ is converted to NADH. Acetyl CoA moves to mitochondrial matrix

96. Step 3 -Acetyl CoA joins with a 4 carbon compound to make a 6 carbon compound Step 4 -the 6 carbon compound is broken down into ATP, NADH, FADH2 and CO2

97. Step 5- acetyl CoA and citric acid are generated and the cycle continues Two turns of Kreb cycle for each glucose molecule

98. Electron Transport Chain
Step 1 NADH and FADH2 move to the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane to make ATP
Step 2 NAD releases H+ and FAD releases H+ into the mitochondrial matrix

99. Step 3 H+ then diffuse down the concentration gradient back across the membrane and into the matrix through ATP synthase molecules in chemiosmosis to make ATP molecules.

100. Step 4 Oxygen is the final electron acceptor
Step 4 Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. Protons and electrons are transferred to oxygen to form water.

102. 26. Alcohol fermentation is used in yeast and bacteria
26. Alcohol fermentation is used in yeast and bacteria. In this type of fermentation, glycolysis is converted to ethyl alcohol and CO2.

103. Comparing
Cellular respiration
Photosynthesis

104. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Function
Location
Reactants
Products
Equation
Energy storage in glucose
Energy release in ATP
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
CO2 and H2O
C6H12O6 and O2
CO2 and H2O
C6H12O6 and O2
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

105. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Function
Location
Reactants
Products
Equation
Energy Storage in glucose
Energy release in ATP
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
CO2 and H2O
C6H12O6 and O2
CO2 and H2O
C6H12O6 and O2
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

106. Photosynthesis Cellular respiration No. of steps Names of steps
Alternate pathways 2 3
Light independent cycle
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron Transport Cycle
Light dependent cycle
C4 and CAM
Lactic acid fermentation
Alcohol fermentation

107. Honors review
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Chemiosmosis
ATP synthase
Which Energy Carrying molecules
What happens to Water?
Role of CO2 O2
Purpose
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
ATP, NADH, & FADH2
ATP, NADPH
Split
reformed
Produced as
by product
Reactant
Produced as a by product
Reactant
Makes glucose
Makes ATP molecules

108. Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Cellular Energy
Chapter Resource Menu
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Formative Test Questions
Chapter Assessment Questions
Standardized Test Practice
biologygmh.com
Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Image Bank
Vocabulary
Animation
Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

109. Vocabulary 8.1
1. What is the ability to do work?
Energy

110. 2. What is the study of the flow and transformation of energy?
thermodynamics

111. 3. What is the name of organisms that make their own food?
autotrophs

112. 4. What is the total of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell?
metabolism

113. 5. What is a series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the reactant for the next reaction?
Metabolic pathway

114. 6. What is the name for a type of reaction that is a building up process?
Anabolic

115. 7. Which statement describes the law of conservation of energy?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
7. Which statement describes the law of
conservation of energy?
Energy cannot be converted or destroyed.
Energy can be converted and destroyed.
Energy can be converted but not destroyed.
Energy can be destroyed but not converted.

116. Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Chapter Assessment Questions
8.Look at the following figure. Which molecule is released when ATP becomes ADP?
phosphate group
water molecule
ribose sugar
energy cells

117. It captures light energy from the sun.
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.1 Formative Questions
9. Why is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) such an important biological molecule?
It captures light energy from the sun.
It is produced in anabolic pathways.
It stores and releases chemical energy.
It converts mechanical energy to thermal
energy.

118. A B 10. Which metabolic process is photosynthesis?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Standardized Test Practice
10. Which metabolic process is photosynthesis? A B

119. 11.Which law of thermodynamics explains
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.1 Formative Questions
11.Which law of thermodynamics explains
why the ladybug receives the least amount of usable energy?

120. the first law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.1 Formative Questions
the first law of thermodynamics
the second law of thermodynamics

121. 12. All of the energy from the food you eat comes from the sun.
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.1 Formative Questions
True or False
12. All of the energy from the food you eat
comes from the sun.

122. 8.2 Vocabulary
13. What is the name of the pigment that gives a plant its green color?
chlorophyll

123. 14. What does a pigment do with light?
Absorb it

124. 15. Where in the plant cell does photosynthesis take place?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.2 Formative Questions
15. Where in the plant cell does photosynthesis
take place?
chloroplasts
Golgi apparatus
mitochondria
vacuoles

125. 16. What are the two steps of photosynthesis?
Light dependent cycle
Light independent cycle

126. Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Chapter Assessment Questions
17. Look at the following figure. Which part of the chloroplast is a sac-like membrane arranged in stacks?
grana
stroma
thylakoids
Golgi apparatus

127. 18. Where does the light dependent phase of photosynthesis take place?
Thylakoid membrane

128. 19. Where does the light independent reaction take place?
stroma

129. 20. What is produced during the light dependent phase that is used to fuel the light independent phase?
ATP and NADPH

130. 21. At the beginning of photosynthesis, which
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Standardized Test Practice
21. At the beginning of photosynthesis, which
molecule is split to produce oxygen (O2) as
a waste product?
CO2
H2O
C6H12O6
3-PGA

131. 22. At the end of the Light independent cycle, where is energy stored?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
22. At the end of the Light independent cycle, where is energy stored?
NADPH
ATP
chloroplast
glucose

132. They accelerate photosynthesis. They release more oxygen.
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.2 Formative Questions
23. How are the C4 pathway and the CAM pathway an adaptive strategy for some plants?
They accelerate photosynthesis.
They release more oxygen.
They help the plant conserve water.
They reduce the requirement for ATP.

133. 24. What is one factor that affects the rate of photosynthesis?
Temperature
Water
Intensity of light

134. 8.3

135. 25. In which metabolic process are molecules
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
25. In which metabolic process are molecules
broken down to produce carbon dioxide and
water?
photosynthesis
cellular respiration
homeostasis
fermentation

136. 26. Why is cellular respiration a catabolic pathway?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.1 Formative Questions
26. Why is cellular respiration a catabolic pathway?
Energy is used to form glucose and
oxygen.
Energy is converted from water to
carbon dioxide.
Energy that is lost is converted to
thermal energy.
Energy is released by the breakdown
of molecules.

137. 27. What is the overall purpose of cellular respiration?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Formative Questions
27. What is the overall purpose of cellular
respiration?
to make ATP
to process H2O
to store glucose
to deliver oxygen

138. 28. Which organelle does cellular respiration take place in?
mitochondria

139. 29. What does anaerobic mean?
No oxygen required

140. 30. Which stage of cellular respiration is the anaerobic process?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Formative Questions
30. Which stage of cellular respiration is the anaerobic process?
glycolysis
Krebs cycle
electron transport

141. 31. Where does glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm

142. 32. Which represents the general sequence of cellular respiration?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Formative Questions
32. Which represents the general sequence of
cellular respiration?
TCA cycle chemiosmosis glycolysis
glycolysis Krebs cycle electron transport
electron absorption catalysis
phosphorylation
fermentation
aerobic pathway anaerobic pathway

143. 33. Which stage of cellular respiration is more efficient?
Electron transport

144. 34. If glycolysis produces 2 ATP and Krebs cycle produces 2 ATP, how many ATP molecules are produced in the electron transport chain? 32

145. 35. A prokaryotic cell does not have a mitochondria so where does cellular respiration take place?
Plasma membrane

146. 36. What is the name of the process that allows all the steps of cellular respiration to take place in anaerobic environment?
fermentation

147. 37. What is the type of fermentation that causes muscles to become fatigued and feel sore?
Lactic acid fermentation

148. 6. Which range of wavelengths is reflected by chlorophylls a and b?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.2 Formative Questions
6. Which range of wavelengths is reflected by
chlorophylls a and b? nm nm nm

149. What prevents pyruvate from entering the Krebs
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Standardized Test Practice
What prevents pyruvate from entering the Krebs
cycle and instead results in this pathway?
a buildup of CO2
a lack of oxygen
an excess of
glucose
an increased
demand for ATP

150. Which molecule generated by the Krebs cycle is a waste product?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Formative Questions
Which molecule generated by the Krebs cycle is a waste product?
CoA
CO2
FADH2
NADH

151. During the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is broken down into what compound?
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Chapter Assessment Questions
During the Krebs cycle, pyruvate is broken down into what compound?
H2O O2 CO
CO2

152. Why do organisms store energy?
A reserve supply can be accessed for use as energy is needed for the cell.
Like money – “save for a rainy day”; used to meet human needs

153. Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis

154. Which one is anabolic? Which one is catabolic?
Sunlight
Photosynthesis
(autotrophs)
Cellular Respiration
(heterotrophs)

155. Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm through the process of glycolysis.
Two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH are formed for each molecule of glucose that is broken down.

156. Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Cellular Respiration
Krebs Cycle
The series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide is called the Krebs cycle.

157. FADH2 is another electron carrier.
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Cellular Respiration
The net yield from the Krebs cycle is six CO2 molecules, two ATP, eight NADH, and two FADH2.
FADH2 is another electron carrier.

158. Final step in the breakdown of glucose
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Cellular Respiration
Electron Transport
Final step in the breakdown of glucose
Point at which ATP is produced
Produces 32 ATP

159. Occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane
– shows folded membranes – WHY?
ETC
Occurs in the mitochondrial inner membrane

160. Kreb’s Cycle 32
ATP
36 ATP
H2O
1 CO2
2 CO2

161. Anaerobic Respiration
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
8.3 Cellular Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
The anaerobic pathway that follows glycolysis
Two main types
Lactic acid fermentation
Alcohol fermentation
Cellular Respiration

162. Anaerobic Respiration
Also called fermentation
Occurs in cytoplasm
Does not use oxygen

165. Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Glencoe Biology Transparencies

166. Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Image Bank

167. Section 1 Vocabulary energy thermodynamics metabolism Photosynthesis
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Vocabulary
Section 1
energy
thermodynamics
metabolism
Photosynthesis
cellular respiration
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

168. Section 2 Vocabulary thylakoid granum stroma pigment NADP+
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Vocabulary
Section 2
thylakoid
granum
stroma
pigment
NADP+
Calvin cycle
rubisco

169. Section 3 Vocabulary anaerobic process aerobic respiration
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Vocabulary
Section 3
anaerobic process
aerobic respiration
aerobic process
glycolysis
Krebs cycle
fermentation

170. Visualizing Electron Transport
Chapter 8
Cellular Energy
Animation
Visualizing Electron Transport