1. 1 4-Integrating Peripherals in Embedded Systems (cont.)

2. 2 Using LEDs and switches The DE2 board provides four pushbutton switches. Each of these switches is debounced using a Schmitt Trigger circuit. The four outputs called KEY0, …, KEY3 are connected directly to the Cyclone II FPGA. Each switch provides a high logic level (3.3 volts) when it is not pressed, and provides a low logic level (0 volts) when depressed. Since the pushbutton switches are debounced, they are appropriate for use as clock or reset inputs in a circuit.

3. 3 Using LEDs and switches

4. 4

5. 5 There are also 18 toggle switches (sliders) on the DE2 board. These switches are not debounced, and are intended for use as level-sensitive data inputs to a circuit. When a switch is in the DOWN position (closest to the edge of the board) it provides a low logic level (0 volts) to the FPGA, and when the switch is in the UP position it provides a high logic level (3.3 volts).

6. 6 Using LEDs and switches

7. 7 There are 27 user-controllable LEDs on the DE2 board. Eighteen red LEDs are situated above the 18 toggle switches Eight green LEDs are found above the pushbutton switches (the 9th green LED is in the middle of the 7-segment displays). Each LED is driven directly by a pin on the Cyclone II FPGA; driving its associated pin to a high logic level turns the LED on, and driving the pin low turns it off.

8. 8 Using LEDs and switches

9. 9

10. 10 Seven Segment Display The DE2 Board has eight 7-segment displays. These displays are arranged into two pairs and a group of four, with the intent of displaying numbers of various sizes. Applying a low logic level to a segment causes it to light up, and applying a high logic level turns it off.

11. 11 LED_pio.v module led_red ( // inputs: address, chipselect, clk, reset_n, write_n, writedata, // outputs: out_port ); output [ 17: 0] out_port; input [ 1: 0] address; input chipselect; input clk; input reset_n; input write_n; input [ 17: 0] writedata; wire clk_en; reg [ 17: 0] data_out; wire [ 17: 0] out_port; assign clk_en = 1; always @(posedge clk or negedge reset_n) begin if (reset_n == 0) data_out <= 0; else if (chipselect && ~write_n && (address == 0)) data_out <= writedata[17 : 0]; end assign out_port = data_out; endmodule

12. 12 Switch_pio.v module switch_pio ( // inputs: address, clk, in_port, reset_n, // outputs: readdata ) ; output [ 17: 0] readdata; input [ 1: 0] address; input clk; input [ 17: 0] in_port; input reset_n; wire clk_en; wire [ 17: 0] data_in; wire [ 17: 0] read_mux_out; reg [ 17: 0] readdata; assign clk_en = 1; //s1, which is an e_avalon_slave assign read_mux_out = {18 {(address == 0)}} & data_in; always @(posedge clk or negedge reset_n) begin if (reset_n == 0) readdata <= 0; else if (clk_en) readdata <= read_mux_out; end assign data_in = in_port; endmodule

13. 13 Button_pio.v (1) module button_pio ( // inputs: address, chipselect, clk, in_port, reset_n, write_n, writedata, // outputs: irq, readdata ); output irq; output [ 3: 0] readdata; input [ 1: 0] address; input chipselect; input clk; input [ 3: 0] in_port; input reset_n; input write_n; input [ 3: 0] writedata; wire clk_en; reg [ 3: 0] d1_data_in; reg [ 3: 0] d2_data_in; wire [ 3: 0] data_in; reg [ 3: 0] edge_capture; wire edge_capture_wr_strobe; wire [ 3: 0] edge_detect; wire irq; reg [ 3: 0] irq_mask; wire [ 3: 0] read_mux_out; reg [ 3: 0] readdata; assign clk_en = 1;

14. 14 Button_pio.v (2) assign read_mux_out = ({4 {(address == 0)}} & data_in) | ({4 {(address == 2)}} & irq_mask) | ({4 {(address == 3)}} & edge_capture); always @(posedge clk or negedge reset_n) begin if (reset_n == 0) readdata <= 0; else if (clk_en) readdata <= read_mux_out; end assign data_in = in_port; always @(posedge clk or negedge reset_n) begin if (reset_n == 0) irq_mask <= 0; else if (chipselect && ~write_n && (address == 2)) irq_mask <= writedata[3 : 0]; end assign irq = |(edge_capture & irq_mask); assign edge_capture_wr_strobe = chipselect && ~write_n && (address == 3); always @(posedge clk or negedge reset_n) begin if (reset_n == 0) edge_capture[0] <= 0; else if (clk_en) if (edge_capture_wr_strobe) edge_capture[0] <= 0; else if (edge_detect[0]) edge_capture[0] <= -1; end

15. 15 Button_pio.v (3) always @(posedge clk or negedge reset_n) begin if (reset_n == 0) edge_capture[1] <= 0; else if (clk_en) if (edge_capture_wr_strobe) edge_capture[1] <= 0; else if (edge_detect[1]) edge_capture[1] <= -1; end always @(posedge clk or negedge reset_n) begin if (reset_n == 0) edge_capture[2] <= 0; else if (clk_en) if (edge_capture_wr_strobe) edge_capture[2] <= 0; else if (edge_detect[2]) edge_capture[2] <= -1; end always @(posedge clk or negedge reset_n) begin if (reset_n == 0) edge_capture[3] <= 0; else if (clk_en) if (edge_capture_wr_strobe) edge_capture[3] <= 0; else if (edge_detect[3]) edge_capture[3] <= -1; end always @(posedge clk or negedge reset_n) begin if (reset_n == 0) begin d1_data_in <= 0; d2_data_in <= 0; end else if (clk_en) begin d1_data_in <= data_in; d2_data_in <= d1_data_in; end assign edge_detect = ~d1_data_in & d2_data_in; endmodule

16. 16 Seven Segment Display: Pin assignment Shown above the pin assignments for segment digit 0 only

17. 17 Seven Segment Display: Pin assignment

18. 18 Cont.

19. 19 Seven segment module SEG7_LUT(oSEG,iDIG); input[3:0]iDIG; output[6:0]oSEG; reg[6:0]oSEG; always @(iDIG) begin case(iDIG) 4'h1: oSEG = 7'b1111001;// ---t---- 4'h2: oSEG = 7'b0100100; // | | 4'h3: oSEG = 7'b0110000; // lt rt 4'h4: oSEG = 7'b0011001; // | | 4'h5: oSEG = 7'b0010010; // ---m---- 4'h6: oSEG = 7'b0000010; // | | 4'h7: oSEG = 7'b1111000; // lb rb 4'h8: oSEG = 7'b0000000; // | | 4'h9: oSEG = 7'b0011000; // ---b---- 4'ha: oSEG = 7'b0001000; 4'hb: oSEG = 7'b0000011; 4'hc: oSEG = 7'b1000110; 4'hd: oSEG = 7'b0100001; 4'he: oSEG = 7'b0000110; 4'hf: oSEG = 7'b0001110; 4'h0: oSEG = 7'b1000000; endcase end endmodule

20. 20 LCD controller E R/W RS DB7–DB0 LCD controller communications bus microcontroller 8 void WriteChar(char c){ RS = 1; /* indicate data being sent */ DATA_BUS = c; /* send data to LCD */ EnableLCD(45); /* toggle the LCD with appropriate delay */ }

21. 21 Altera DE2 LCD module The LCD module has built- in fonts and can be used to display text by sending appropriate commands to the display controller (HD44780).

22. 22 LCD module: Pin assignments

23. 23 Lcd_16207.v module lcd_16207_0 ( // inputs: address, begintransfer, read, write, writedata, // outputs: LCD_E, LCD_RS, LCD_RW, LCD_data, irq, readdata ); output LCD_E; output LCD_RS; output LCD_RW; inout [ 7: 0] LCD_data; output irq; output [ 7: 0] readdata; input [ 1: 0] address; input begintransfer; input read; input write; input [ 7: 0] writedata; wire LCD_E; wire LCD_RS; wire LCD_RW; wire [ 7: 0] LCD_data; wire irq; wire [ 7: 0] readdata; assign LCD_RW = address[0]; assign LCD_RS = address[1]; assign LCD_E = read | write; assign LCD_data = (address[0]) ? 8'bz : writedata; assign readdata = LCD_data; //control_slave, which is an e_avalon_slave endmodule