1. GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES ASSOCIATED WITH WIND AND PHOTOVOLTAIC ELECTRICITY BY : MUHAMMAD ASYRAF BIN MAHMOOD ME092684 MOHD ASHRAF BIN ZAINUN@ZAINUDDIN ME092673 AHMAD HAAFIZH BIN WAN AZHARI ME092651 LECTURER : MISS ALICIA a/p PHILIP

2. Abstract Until recently, the automotive industry was solely relying on one energy resource: oil. However, because of several environmental, political and economical issues, new alternatives are now emerging, such as electric vehicles (EVs). The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of an EV are linked with the manufacturing of the car and the electricity production during the use phase. In this article, we study the GHG emissions linked with EVs using photovoltaic (PV) and wind electricity associated with a Renault EV. GHG emissions are compared with EVs using average electricity from various European countries and from conventional thermal vehicles. The results show that using wind electricity always allows decreasing GHG emissions while PV impact is dependent on the country studied. Nonetheless, when using PV electricity, GHG emissions are always lower than conventional thermal vehicles.

3. Type Of Abstract Follows the criteria of Descriptive type. the type of information in the study is shown. there is no ruling about the work, results, or conclusions of the research. include the keywords found in the text and include the aim and methods of the research

4. Key Elements Of The Abstract Reason for writing  the research is important to find the level of GHG emissions linked with EVs using photovoltaic (PV) and wind electricity associated with a Renault EV.  The readers are to be convinced that the level of GHG emissions by EVs is still low. Problem  Lately, the automotive industry was only relying on one energy resource which is oil.  Nevertheless, EVs come as a new alternative but the GHG emissions of an EV are now related with the manufacturing of the car and the electricity production during the use stage.

5. Methodology  The approach used is by comparing the GHG emissions with EVs using average electricity from various European countries and also from conventional thermal vehicles. Results  The results show that using wind electricity always allows reducing GHG emissions while PV effect is dependent on the country studied.  It also indicates that when consuming PV electricity, GHG emissions are always less than conventional thermal vehicles.

6. Components Discussed In Abstract Problem Aim Materials and methods Results Application and limitation are not discussed by the author!

7. Language Used By The Author 1. Simple Present tense  Used in stating the problem: “ The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of an EV are linked with the manufacturing of the car and the electricity production during the use phase”  Used to refer what the study does: “ In this article, we study the GHG emissions linked with EVs using photovoltaic (PV) and wind electricity associated with a Renault EV.”

8.  Used to tell the results : “ The results show that using wind electricity always allows decreasing GHG emissions while PV impact is dependent on the country studied. Nonetheless, when using PV electricity, GHG emissions are always lower than conventional thermal vehicles.” 2.Simple Past Tense  Used to explain the methodology: “GHG emissions are compared with EVs using average electricity from various European countries and from conventional thermal vehicles” 3.Present continuous tense  Used to refer the background : “However, because of several environmental, political and economical issues, new alternatives are now emerging, such as electric vehicles (EVs).”

9. 4.Past continuous tense  used to state the problem: “Until recently, the automotive industry was solely relying on one energy resource: oil.”

10. Characteristic Of Abstract The length of abstract is about 131 words The abstract has 2 paragraph  1 st paragraph - the explanation of the factual backgrounds, problem and aim.  2 nd paragraph - the description of the methodology and results.

11. OVERALL Overall, the abstract is considered as a short but very powerful statement to attract the readers. Give the general idea and information for readers. Key elements are stated clearly. Language used is easy and understood. Basic components are discussed. The abstract is well arranged in paragraph and suitable length.

12. REFERENCES Florent Querini, Stéphane Dagostino, Stéphane Morel, Patrick Rousseaux, Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Electric Vehicles Associated with Wind and Photovoltaic Electricity, Energy Procedia, Volume 20, 2012, Pages 391-401.