1. Airport Security
Norman Ashford,H.P.Martin Stanton. Clifton A.Moore, Airport Operation,
pp , 1997

2. Outline Introduction Structure Responsibility
Airside Security Procedures
Landside Security Procedures－Passenger Terminal
Landside Procedures－Cargo Terminal
Security Equipment and Systems
Security Operations

3. Introduction Worldwide Breakdown of High Jacking Incidents 1989-1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
Totals
Hijackings
Sub-Saharan Africa 4 5 3 2 1 15
Asia 17 27
Europe … 7
Latin America 16
Middle East and North Africa 9
North America
Central Eurasia 10 45
Incidents by Category
Total Incidents,
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
Civil aviation
Hijackings 31 12 24 40 15
Commandeerings 2 4 1
Bombings/attempted bombings/shootings
General/charter aviation 5 10 3
Airport attacks 17 27 6 7
Off-airport attacks 20 50 47
Shootings at aircraft 9
Totals 84 98
120 57 36
Incidents not counted 13

4. Incidents against aviation by geographic region and category
1989 to 1993.

5. Structure of Planning for Security
Planning to meet the needs of a security emergency requires the involvement of a number of organizations, such as:
The airport administration
The operating airlines
The National Civil Aviation Organization (FAA, CAA, etc.)
Police
Military
Medical services
Security services
Labor unions
Customs
Government departments

6. Responsibility and Organization
Broad Principles of Universal application:
Feasibility.
Responsibility
Efficiency.
Coordination.
Resources.

7. Receipt of intelligence/
Director of Civil Aviation Security (ACD-1)
Civil Aviation
Security Division
(ACS-100)
Special Programs
Division
(ACS-200)
Intelligence
Coordinates
merging of other
divisions at this
point in the
process.
Assesses vulner-
ability and draws
up recommended
or required
countermeasures.
Federal Air
Marshal program
for hijacking
threats, Aviation
Security Technology
branch for threats
involving explosives.
Develops
appropriate
countermeasures
for above.
Continues input
from previously
completed threat
assessment.
Risk
assessment
model used is
Threat +
Vulnerability =
risk
division
(ACS-400)
Threat
assessmentt
Model use is
Capabilities +
Intentions =threat
Intelligence/
threat information
Receipt of intelligence/
Threat information
Risk assessment
U.S Intelligence
Agencies
State Department
(including Embassies)
FBI
Military
investigative
agencies
Other U.S. Federal
law enforcement
Foreign
governments
(Minimal)
State and Local
Classified and
unclassified No
threat
exits
Receipt, assessment and dissemination of intelligence/threat information .

8. Security Directive of Information Circular Dissemination
Foreign airport
Security structure
Varies by country, but is frequently
Conducted by
Several levels of government.x
Security Directive of
Information Circular
Threat cannot be
countered with
additional security
Measures－flight
cancelled
Additional
countermeasures
needed－
security
directive
No additional
information
circular
Draft of directive
or circular
prepared by
intelligence
division
(ACS-400)
Signed By
ACS-1
Department of
Transportation
State
Appropriate
U.S. Intelligence
and law
Enforcement
agencies on
case by case
basis
FAA regions
U.S. and
overseas
ATA
carrier
representative
Embassies and
Missions
Embassy
Security officer
and FAA liaison,
FAA
Host
government
agencies
responsible for
airport security
FAA principal
inspector
U.S. carriers
corporate
office
U.S. carrier
station
(at airport)
Ground security
coordinator
in-filght security
(where appropriate)
security directive
requires enhanced
security and/or
countermeasures.
Information
circular is used
for informational
purposes only.
FAA aviation
security field
offices or units
(CASFO’s)
Approximately
500 (Part 107)
airports serving
commercial
traffic (where appropriate)
Dissemination

9. Aviation security positions created by the Aviation Security Improvement Act of 1990
Office of secretary of transportation
Director of
Intelligence and security
-serve as primary liaison of the
secretary to the intelligence and law
enforcement communities;
-receive, assess, and distribute
intelligence relative to long-term
transportation security;
-develop policies, strategies, and
plans for dealing with threats to
transportation security
Federal Aviation Administration
Associate Administrator for Civil Aviation Security
-assess threats to civil aviation;
-manage and guide FAA field
security resources;
-enforce security-related requirements;
-identify related R&D requirements
Federal security manager
-designated focal point for
federal aviation security activities
at each Category X airporta
Foreign security officer
-assigned to each airport outside the United States at which extraordinary security measures are required
aCategory X airports (19) typically have a large number of passenger enplanements per year, along with departing international flights.

10. Airside Security Procedures
Fencing
Identification of persons
Identification of vehicles
Protection of aircraft on aprons
Control of general aviation
Transfer and interlining passengers, baggage, and cargo
Aircraft isolated parking position and disposal area

11. The part to baggage carousels not open to the public for Airside Security Procedures

12. Landside Security Procedures－ Passenger Terminal
Security measures in the passenger terminal area are most effective in preventing subsequent unlawful acts in the air
Ideally a security systems operates throughout the whole passenger facilitation process of ticketing, passenger and baggage check-in, and boating.

13. Advantages and Disadvantages of centralized and Decentralized Search Procedures
Favored by passengers
Passenger segregation in a sterile departure lounge is difficult to achieve
Minimum personnel and equipment needed to process a given number of passengers
Requires staff search
Encourages passenger spending in restaurants and duty-free and other shops
Passenger separation (arriving and departing) difficult to achieve
Easier to have policemen on duty in on place
Surveillance of passengers difficult at busy airports
Only one standard of search is possible, whereas high risk flights may require more thorough search
Gate Search
The separation and surveillance problem is eliminated
Requires earlier call-forward of passengers
The risk of collusion is minimized
Results in loss of revenue from restaurants, bars, shops, etc.
Allows special measures to be taken on high risk flights
Involves long waiting in crowded gate lounges with no facilities
Requires more personnel and more equipment to process a given number of passengers
Creates problems of search team availability of flight schedules go awry
Makes a police presence difficult depending on number of gates in use at one time
Allows passengers to get close to aircraft specific passengers and lines them up for attack when queuing
Current gate lounges inadequate for future aircraft
Pier Search
Combines the advantages and disadvantages of the other systems
Could be the best bet if space available in the right place to set up search points

14. Landside Procedures－Cargo Terminal
Identification.
Security of all doors and windows.
Control of access.

15. Security Equipment and Systems
Security fencing and manned barriers.
Intruder detection.
Lighting.
Metal detection.
Explosive and incendiary device detectors.
Pressure chambers.
Bunker.
Office security equipment.

16. Security Program for Security Operations
General
Organization
Airport Security Committee
Airport Activities
Security Measures at the Airport
Contingency Plans to Respond to Acts of Unlawful Interference
Security Training Program
Appendices to Security Program
Lisbon Airport

17. Security check (video)

18. Security check (video)

19. Security check (video)

20. Key Terms Responsibility Airside security procedure
Landside security procedure
Passenger terminal
Cargo terminal
Security equipments and systems
Security operation
Jacking incidents
Hijackings
Security Equipment

21. Key Terms (cont.) Bombings Off-airport attacks Incident
Security services
Airport administration
Feasibility
Responsibility
Efficiency
Coordination
Resources

22. Key Terms (cont.) Receipt of intelligence Threat information
Threat assessment
Risk assessment
Dissemination
Director of intelligence and security
Associate administrator for civil Aviation Security
Federal security manager
Foreign security officer

23. Key Terms (cont.)
Fencing
Identification
Security Program