1. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 17 Respiratory System

2. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

4. Respiratory System Functions Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Production of sound

5. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

6. Respiration External respiration Internal respiration Cellular respiration or oxidation –CO2 leaves the cells and enters the blood stream*

7. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Respiration © 2014 Cengage Learning.

8. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

9. Respiratory Organs and Structures Nasal cavity Pharynx –This structure is a passageway for food & air* Larynx Trachea –Connects larynx to bronchi* Bronchi FYI: nostrils, larynx, & trachea are made primarily of cartilage*

10. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Respiratory Organs and Structures Bronchioles Alveoli –Exchange of O2 & CO2* Lungs Pleura –Allows lungs to expand to breathe* Mediastinum

11. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Respiratory Organs and Structures © 2014 Cengage Learning.

12. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Nasal Cavity Anterior nares or nostrils –Filter mucus & cilia* Nasal septum Turbinates or nasal conchae bones Cilia Olfactory nerve Sinuses –Located in skull surrounding nasal cavity*

13. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Pharynx Also called the throat Common passageway for food and air* Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx Epiglottis –If this were to suddenly stop working, eating could be life threatening*

14. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Larynx Also called the voice box* Nine fibrocartilaginous plates Mucous membrane Glottis

15. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Trachea Also called the windpipe Hyaline cartilage Mucous membrane and ciliated epithelium Damage caused by smoking

16. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Trachea © 2014 Cengage Learning.

17. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Bronchi and the Bronchioles Right and left bronchus –Ciliated epithelium –Hyaline cartilage Bronchi subdivide into bronchioles Alveolar sacs (alveoli)

18. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Alveoli (how you breathe) Sacs of single-layer epithelial tissue Surrounded by bed of capillaries Surfactant –If a premature baby is lacking surfactant, artificial surfactant may be given –If a person did not produce surfactant, alveoli will collapse, can not breathe * Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

19. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Alveoli © 2014 Cengage Learning.

20. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Lungs Separated by the mediastinum and the heart The apex is the top of each lung; broad lower part is the base Base rests over the diaphragm Right lung has three lobes; left lung has two lobes –How many lobes are in your lungs total? 3 5 9

21. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Lungs © 2014 Cengage Learning.

22. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Pleura A thin, moist, slippery membrane of tough endothelial cells that covers the lungs –Allows lungs to expand during breathing* Each lung encased in double-walled sac Pleurisy Pleural fluid Thoracentesis Pneumothorax

23. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Video Time https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hc1Yt Xc_84A

24. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Mediastinum Also called the interpleural space Located between the lungs* Contains the thoracic viscera

25. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Mechanics of Breathing The exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide Pulmonary ventilation is called breathing Due to changes in pressure that occur within the chest cavity Variation in pressure caused by cellular respiration and mechanical breathing movements

26. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Breathing Process Inhalation/inspiration –Causes movement of diaphragm enlarge the thoracic cavity* –Take a deep breath and hold it… does your chest rise? Exhalation/expiration Respiratory movements and frequency of respiration

27. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Control of Breathing 1.Neural factors 2.Chemical factors Your breathing rate is primarily regulated by neural and chemical mechanisms. Respiration is controlled by spontaneous neural discharge from the brain to nerves that innervate respiratory muscles. The primary respiratory muscle is the diaphragm, which is innervated by the phrenic nerve. The rate at which the nerves discharge is influenced by the concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide and the acidity of the blood.

28. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Lung Capacity and Volume 1.Tidal volume 2.Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) 3.Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) 4.Vital lung capacity 5.Residual volume 6.Functional residual capacity 7.Total lung capacity

29. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Lung Capacity and Volume Lung volumes are directly measured; Lung capacities are inferred from lung volumes. The average total lung capacity of an adult human male is about 6 liters of air. Tidal breathing is normal, resting breathing; the tidal volume is the volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled in only a single such breath.

30. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Respiration Apnea –temporary cessation of breathing, especially during sleep. Dyspnea –difficult or labored breathing. Eupnea –is normal, good, unlabored ventilation, sometimes known as quiet breathing or resting respiratory rate. Hyperpnea –abnormally deep or rapid respiration

31. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Respiration Orthopnea –is shortness of breath (dyspnea) that occurs when lying flat, causing the person to have to sleep propped up in bed or sitting in a chair. Tachypnea –abnormally rapid breathing. Hyperventilation –a condition in which you suddenly start to breathe very quickly. Healthy breathing occurs with a healthy balance between breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide.

32. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Effects of Aging Lung tissue loses elasticity Rib cage becomes less flexible Muscle strength decreases Functioning alveoli decrease

33. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Respiratory System - Infectious Causes Most resp disorders are caused by infections* Common cold Pharyngitis –Inflammation of pharynx Laryngitis –Inflammation of larynx Sinusitis –Inflammation of sinus Bronchitis and chronic bronchitis –Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, causes coughing

34. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Respiratory System - Infectious Causes Influenza (flu) & URI- highly contagious* Pneumonia –lung inflammation caused by bacterial or viral infection, in which the air sacs fill with pus and may become solid. Inflammation may affect both lungs (double pneumonia), one lung (single pneumonia), or only certain lobes (lobar pneumonia). Tuberculosis (TB) –X-ray will show this in lungs, it means it has a dormant (temporarily inactive) form that can become active if resistance is lowered* –tx with med. *

35. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

37. Disorders of the Respiratory System - Infectious Causes Diphtheria –an acute, highly contagious bacterial disease causing inflammation of the mucous membranes, formation of a false membrane in the throat that hinders breathing and swallowing, and potentially fatal heart and nerve damage by a bacterial toxin in the blood. –It is now rare in developed countries because of immunization.

38. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Respiratory System - Infectious Causes Pertussis (whooping cough) –a highly contagious respiratory tract infection. –In many people, it's marked by a severe hacking cough followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds like "whoop." –Before the vaccine was developed, whooping cough was considered a childhood disease.

39. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Respiratory System - Infectious Causes Anthrax –bacterial disease of sheep and cattle, typically affecting the skin and lungs. It can be transmitted to humans, causing severe skin ulceration or a form of pneumonia

40. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Respiratory System - Infectious Causes Severe acute respiratory syndrome – (SARS) –a contagious and sometimes fatal respiratory illness. –SARS first appeared in China in November 2002. Within a few months, SARS spread worldwide, carried by unsuspecting travelers. –SARS showed how quickly infection can spread in a highly mobile and interconnected world

41. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. SARS

42. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Respiratory System - Noninfectious Causes Rhinitis –inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose, caused by a virus infection (e.g., the common cold) or by an allergic reaction (e.g., hay fever). Asthma –Bronchioles decrease and make it hard to get air, if you have an inhaler, this will enlarge the bronchioles and help with air.* Athelectasis –partial or complete collapse of the lung.

43. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Respiratory System - Noninfectious Causes Asbestosis –a lung disease resulting from the inhalation of asbestos particles, marked by severe fibrosis and a high risk of mesothelioma (cancer of the pleura).

44. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Respiratory System - Noninfectious Causes Silicosis –lung fibrosis caused by the inhalation of dust containing silica. –Coal miners lung

45. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Respiratory System - Noninfectious Causes Nasal polyps –soft, painless, noncancerous growths on the lining of your nasal passages or sinuses. –They hang down like teardrops or grapes. –They result from chronic inflammation due to asthma, recurring infection, allergies, drug sensitivity or certain immune disorders.

46. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Nose Bleeds Epistaxis (epə ˈ staksis) –bleeding from the nose* Treatment –Compress nostril, elevate and tilt head forward*

47. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Respiratory System - Noninfectious Causes Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) –airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully reversible.

48. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Respiratory System - Noninfectious Causes Cancer of the lung –Leading cause of cancer death in men & women* –Prognosis is not good Cancer of the larynx

49. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Respiratory System - Noninfectious Causes Emphysema –Chronic cough, bluish skin, barrel chest* –one of several diseases known collectively as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). –Smoking is the leading cause of emphysema.

50. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

51. Disorders of the Respiratory System - Noninfectious Causes Pulmonary embolism –is a sudden blockage in a lung artery. –The blockage usually is caused by a blood clot that travels to the lung from a vein in the leg.

52. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Disorders of the Respiratory System - Noninfectious Causes Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) –Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the unexplained death, usually during sleep, of a seemingly healthy baby less than a year old. –SIDS is sometimes known as crib death because the infants often die in their cribs. –Although the cause is unknown –Researchers have identified some measures you can take to help protect your child from SIDS. Perhaps the most important measure is placing your baby on his or her back to sleep.

53. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

54. RSV Respiratory syncytial virus A virus that causes infections of the lungs and respiratory tract. It's so common that most children have been infected with the virus by age 2. A very common virus that leads to mild, cold-like symptoms in adults and older healthy children. RSV often spreads quickly in crowded households and day care centers. The virus can live for a half an hour or more on hands. The virus can also live for up to 5 hours on countertops and for several hours on used tissues.

55. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

56. You can catch RSV if: 1.A person with RSV sneezes, coughs, or blows their nose near you. 2.You touch, kiss, or shake hands with someone who is infected by the virus. 3.You touch your nose, eyes, or mouth after you have touched something contaminated by the virus, such as a toy or doorknob.

57. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The following increase the risk for RSV: 1.Attending day care 2.Being near tobacco smoke 3.Having school-aged brothers or sisters 4.Living in crowded conditions

58. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bronchoscopy –Direct look at lining of respiratory tract*