1. DNA: The Molecule of Heredity (Ch. 11) 11.2 What Is the Structure of DNA? 11.3 How Does DNA Encode Genetic Information? 11.4 How Does DNA Replication Ensure Genetic Constancy During Cell Division? 11.5 What Are Mutations, and How Do They Occur ?

2. Muscles, Mutations, and Myostatin Belgian Blues have more, and larger, muscle cells than ordinary cattle do. Why? The DNA of a Belgian Blue is very slightly different from the DNA of the other cattle – the Belgian Blue has a change, or mutation, in the DNA of its ____________________. As a result, it produces defective myostatin. Belgian Blue pre-muscle cells multiply more than normal, and the cells become extra large as they differentiate, producing remarkably buff cattle. 1.How does DNA contain the instructions for traits such as muscle size, flower color, or gender? 2. How are these instructions passed, usually unchanged, form generation to generation? 3. And why do the instructions sometimes change?

3. 9.1 Why Do Cells Divide?  What do you think most cells are too small to be seen with naked eye (1-100mm in diameter)????  as a spherical cell enlarges, innermost parts get _______________ from the plasma membrane diffusion - takes _______________to supply important processes deep within cell ___________________more rapidly than ________________ #1. ______________(require more nutrients & create more waste) have a ______________________(for receiving nutrients & eliminating wastes) = not enough to exchange/survive http://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=xuG4ZZ1GbzI

4. histones __________________: cells reproduce and produce 2 daughter cells that are ____________ to the parent cell specific sequence of nucleotides in genes spells out instructions for making ___________

5. # 2. Required for ________________________________________ a.Eukaryotic cells (w/ nucleus) use ____________cell division to ______________ or increase in ___________________ b.Daughter cells differentiate becoming specialized for specific functions ______________________– a)self renewal – b)retain ability to divide or ___________________ into a variety of cell types (1 daughter differentiates, the other remains a stem cell) So what does the life of a cell look like?

6. The Cell Cycle The ________________ pattern of dividing, growing, differentiating, and dividing again Eukaryotic cell cycle consists of 1)_____________ (blue) and 2) ________________ cell division (red) 1.Interphase = acquisition of nutrients, growth, and DNA replication  G 1 (growth phase 1): acquires nutrients, ________, decides to divide  S (synthesis phase): ________ ___________________  G 2 (growth phase 2): stops growing, __________________ for cell division Cell exits cycle

7. ______________________: hereditary information of all living cells  polymer composed of nucleotides: 1._______________ 2.sugar  _______________ 3.1 of 4 bases: ________________ (A) ________________ (T) ________________ (G) ________________ (C) S Phase: DNA Synthesis

8. DNA is a Double Helix of Two Nucleotide Strands Maurice ___________ & Rosalind ________________ (1940’s): used ____________________technique to produce pictures of the structure of DNA ____________ _____________ Repeating patterns

9. Francis ______ & James ________: combined X-ray data with other research and built the first double helix model of DNA (3/7/53)  single strand of DNA is a polymer of many nucleotide subunits  ______________________ backbone  strands are _________________ (see next slide)

10.  Antiparallel strands  1 end  ‘free’ or unbonded ________________ (____)  1 end  ‘free’ or unbonded _____________ ) (_____)  Complementary base pair & Chargaff’s Rule  #____ = #____ http://www.dnalc.org/view/15495-Chargaff  Size of bases  A & G – 2 fused rings (_______________-Purines)  C & T - single rings (_____________ – Pyrimidines)  rungs are same width – constant diameter

11.  ________________ bonds between complementary bases hold 2 DNA strands together http://www.sciencemusicvideos.com/dna-fantastic/http://www.sciencemusicvideos.com/dna-fantastic/​ - DNA Rap

12. 11.3 How Does DNA Encode Genetic Information DNA carries the _________________in its sequence of 4 nucleotides  DNA 10 nucleotides long can form 1 million different sequences Different _______________________ encode for very different pieces of information (or no info)  Friend / Fiend / Fliend

13. 11.4 How Does DNA Replication Ensure Genetic Constancy During Cell Division?  Rudolf Virchow (1850’s): “All cells come from _______________ cells”  Cells reproduce by dividing in half  Each of the 2 daughter cells gets an _________ copy of the parent cells genetic information  DNA replication = duplication of the ___________ cell DNA

14. DNA replication produces 2 DNA double helices each with 1 original strand and 1 new strand = _________________________ ________________________ Complementary ___________________provides a model for how DNA replicates Ingredients for replication: 1. ______________DNA strands 2.Free _____________________ 3. _______________ to unwind parental and synthesize new DNA strands If no mistakes have been made, the base sequence of both new strands are _____________________ to the base sequence of the parental DNA

15. ____________________: enzyme that pulls apart parental DNA double helix at H-bonds btwn complementary pairs DNA ____________________: enzyme that pairs free nucleotides with their complementary nucleotide on each separated strand (moves in the _________________direction but adds to the 3’ side) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qSrmeiWsuc Replication fork

16. How long does DNA replication take? Human chromosomes range from _________ nucleotides in the Y chromosome to ______________ nucleotides in Chromosome 1. Eukaryotic DNA copied at 50 nucleotides/sec; takes 12-58 days to copy a human chromosome in one continuous piece. MAKE SENSE? EFFICIENT? ______…so _________ DNA helicases & DNA polymerases work to split and copy small pieces of the DNA strand at the ____________ _____________

17. Since DNA polymerase always moves from 5’ (phosphate-end) to 3’ (sugar-end) and DNA strands are antiparallel, DNA polymerase molecules move in __________________directions. DNA polymerase adds bases on the __________ Short ___________ strands are synthesized while the helicase continues to unwind in the opposite direction DNA _______: enzyme that ties DNA together https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8kK2zwjRV0M at 9min mark – lagging strand replication https://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=1L 8Xb6j7A4whttps://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=1L 8Xb6j7A4w – DNA Replication Rap

18. 1. How does DNA replication differ in Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes? 2.How do the 3 DNA Polymerases differ from each other? 3.How do the enzymes helicase and gyrase (or DNA topoisomerase II) work together? 4.What are the roles of primase and RNA primer in DNA Replication? 5.When does the enzyme ligase start to function? Activity: http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/animation.php?ani=169&cat=biology http://www.learnerstv.com/animation/animation.php?ani=169&cat=biology

19. 11.5 What Are Mutations and How Do They Occur? ___________________: infrequent changes in the nucleotide sequence that result in _______________________ genes often _________________- can cause organism to die quickly Some have _____ functional _________________ Some may be _________________ and provide an advantage to an organism in certain environments (basis for evolution?)

20. Case Study: What do myostatin and the cell cycle have to do with these Belgian Blue Bulls?

21. Accurate replication and proofreading produce _______________ ________ DNA DNA polymerase mismatches nucleotides once every 1,000 to 100,000 base pairs Completed DNA strands contain only about 1 mistake in every 100 mill to 1 bill base pairs In humans, this amounts to less than _____ error / chromosome / replication Toxic ______________ & _________________ can also alter/damage DNA

22. Types of __________ mutations or (______________________________): changes to individual nucleotides in the DNA sequence ___________ mutations: when 1 or more new nucleotide pairs are inserted into the DNA double helix Deletion mutations: when 1 or more nucleotide pairs are _______________ from the double helix

23. Types of ___________________________________ mutations ___________________: when a piece of DNA is cut out of a chromosome, turned around, and re-inserted into the gap ______________________: when a chunk of DNA (usually large) is removed from 1 chromosome and attached to another

24. Case Study: What mutation do the Belgian Blue Cattle have?  _______________________in their myostatin gene which causes cells to stop synthesizing the myostatin protein about halfway through.  Other animals, including several breeds of dogs, such as whippets may also have myostatin mutations.  All of these mutations result in _______________________________proteins. This fact reveals an important feature of the language of DNA: The nucleotide words must be spelled just right, or at least really close, for the resulting proteins to function. In contrast, any one of the enormous number of possible mistakes will render the proteins useless.

25.  __________________________have myostatin, too.  A child born in Germany inherited a point mutation in his myostatin gene from both parents  7 months - had well-developed calf, thigh, and buttock muscles.  4 years old - could hold a 7-pound dumbbell in each hand with his arms full extended horizontally out to his sides.

26. What to Study: 1.Ch. 9.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4 & 11.5 1.PPT Nts and your section notes 3.Activities / Labs 3.Quia quizzes 3.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ktAAxV1BZM – crash course on DNA Structure and Replicationhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ktAAxV1BZM 3.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qSrmeiWsuc – basic replicationhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qSrmeiWsuc