2.  All of agriculture is built around cells.  Without the ability to study cells, most of the advances would not have taken place.  Reproduction begins as cells.  You wouldn’t be able to digest food without cells.  There would be no life without cells.

3.  All living things are composed of cells  Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.  New cells are produced from existing cells.

4.  All plants  Nucleus  Composed of nucleic acids, proteins, enzymes.  Contains the DNA  Clear fluid surrounds the nucleus called they cytoplasm.  The cytoplasm contains organelles that perform special functions.

5.  Cell wall  Composed of cellulose (provides rigidity)  Beta 1,4 glucanase

6.  Cell Membrane  All material in/out of the cell must pass through.  Some things do not make it through  Semipermeable membrane  Molecules pass through from a region of high concentration to low concentration. (diffusion)

7.  Cell Wall  What if something needed to get in?  Endocytosis  Process of taking material in by means of infolding or pockets.  Pinocytosis  Phagocytosis  “cell eating”  The cytoplasm surrounds the particle and packages it to then be eaten.  Lots of energy!  Exocytosis

8.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DuDmvlbpj HQ

9.  What about water?  Osmosis is the process of transporting water across a membrane.  Water travels from high concentration (of water) to low concentration (of water).  Hypo tonic solution is one in which there is less solutes than water.  Hyper tonic solution is one in which there is more solutes than water.  Examples:  Have you tried to eat an entire bag of potato chips without water?  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSS3EtKAzYc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSS3EtKAzYc

10.  Mitochondria  shaped like a peanut  Break down food nutrients & supply energy to cells.  Fast twitch vs. slow twitch fibers.

11.  Vacuoles  Storage compartment for cell  Waste and nutrients  Microfilaments  Fiber-like structures that help the cell move.  Ribosomes  Site of protein synthesis  Often attached to the e.r.

12.  Endoplasmic Reticulum  The site of lipid and protein assembly.  Rough or smooth  Looks like a corn maze  Golgi Apparatus  Modifies, packages, and sorts material for storage or excretion.  Lysosomes  The digestive unit in the cell

13.  Plastids  Chloroplast  Use energy of sun to make carbs  Leucoplasts  Provide storage for the cell.  Chromoplasts  Plastids that manufacture pigment

15.  All growth results from cells dividing and reproducing.  When an injury occurs, cells reproduce to heal.  Cells grow to a maximum size then they need to divide.  This is done by a process called mitosis.  Mitosis is used for asexual reproduction and meiosis is used in sexual reproduction.

16.  Interphase  Technically not part of mitosis  The period in which the cell is not doing anything.  DNA gets replicated  Chromosome number doubles  Consists of G1, S, & G2 phase  G1 = growth  S= synthesis  G2 = growth

17.  Prophase  The chromosomes are attached by a centromere.  Nuclear membrane begins to dissolve.  Centriole move to opposite sides of the cells.  Metaphase  Chromatids move toward the center of the cell.  Anaphase  The pairs of chromatids separate into equal groups.  Chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cells.

18.  Telophase  New membranes are formed around the chromosomes.  Cytokinesis  Dividing of the cytoplasm  In animals, a crease is formed called a cleavage furrow.  In plants, a cell plate forms in the middle.

20.  http://vcell.ndsu.nodak.edu/animations/mito sis/movie-flash.htm

21.  Cell division for sexual reproduction in eukaryotes.  The cells produced are called gametes.  Each gamete will have a reduced amount of chromosomes than the parent cell.  Meiosis begins with a diploid cell (2N)  N is the number of chromosomes  Humans N = 23  Complete meiosis ends with 4 haploid cells (N)

22.  Same process as Mitosis  Interphase  DNA replication  Prophase  Chromosomes pair up into tetrads (4 chromatids) with homologous chromosomes.  Crossing over exchange of alleles on chromosomes  Metaphase  Chromosomes meet in the middle  Anaphase  Chromosomes get pulled apart  Telophase  New cells are formed  Two diploid cells

23.  The two cells produced by meiosis I are now the parent cells and divide further.  There is no DNA replication!  Meiosis II proceeds as normal  Prophase  Metaphase  Anaphase  Telophase  The result is 4 haploid cells.