1. MCAS musts Write this stuff down

2. ANSWER EVERY QUESTION.  ANSWER EVERY QUESTION.  ANSWER EVERY MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION.  ANSWER EVERY OPEN RESPONSE QUESTION.  LEAVE NO BLANKS.  READ EVERY WORD.

3. Anatomy  Nervous system= controls all the other systems, communicates body information  Main organ= brain  Respiratory system= brings oxygen in and carbon dioxide out (see cell energy)  Major organ= lungs  Circulatory system= delivers everything to cells, collects waste from cells  Major organ= heart  Digestive system= Breaks down food into monomers and delivers to blood  Major organ= stomach, intestines  Excretory system= cleans blood of waste and controls water content  Major organ= kidneys  Reproductive system= does meiosis, makes more people  Major organ= uterus/ testes

4. Homeostasis  Balance in every cell.  Supply must meet demand.  Nervous system monitors all and directs changes  Too hot? Sweat!  Too cold? Shiver!  Too much water? PEE!  Too little oxygen? Breath faster, beat faster!  Too little glucose? GET HUNGRY

5. Bacteria and Viruses  Virus= protein coat + DNA, NOT A CELL  Reproduce by infecting a cell  Prokaryotes= simple, small cells  ALL BACTERIA ARE PROKARYOTES  Reproduce by binary fission (see mitosis)see mitosis

6. EUKARYOTIC CELLS  Ribosome= makes protein  Nucleus= pocket for DNA, controls cell activityDNA  Cell membrane= controls what materials enter and leave  Mitochondria= performs cellular respirationcellular respiration  Chloroplast (PLANT ONLY)= performs photosynthesisphotosynthesis  Lysosome= has ENZYMES to breakdown wasteENZYMES

7. Cell Energy  Cellular respiration and Photosynthesis  ATP= ENERGY FOR ALL CELLS

8. Membranes  Phospholipid bi-layer  PASSIVE TRANSPORT= NO ENERGY  Particles move from where there are more to where there are fewer  Diffusion  Osmosis= diffusion of water  Facilitated diffusion  ACTIVE TRANSPORT= ENERGY NEEDEDENERGY NEEDED  Pumps  Exocytosis/ endocytosis

9. Biochemistry  ORGANIC= contains carbon  Any question with elements for answers= CARBON, HYDROGEN, NITROGEN, OXYGEN  Any question about ATP= ENERGY  Enzymes= end in –ASE, used to break down or build up other molecules

10. Macromolecules  Proteins= built of AMINO ACIDS  used for STRUCTURE, ENZYMES  Nucleic acids= built of NUCLEOTIDES  used for CODING INFORMATION  Carbohydrates= built of MONOSACCHARRIDES  used for ENERGY AND CELL WALLS  Lipids= built of fatty acid and glycerol  used for ENERGY AND INSULATION

11. Cell division  Mitosis= copy all the DNA, divide the cell into two cells  Daughter cells are identical  All body cells (skin, muscle, bone)  Meiosis= copy all the DNA, divide the cell twice into four cells  Daughter cells are haploid and unique  Sperm cells and egg cells only  Meiosis makes egg and sperm  Sperm fertilizes egg= zygote  Zygote does a bunch of mitosis to turn into a baby

12. Protein synthesis  DNA codes for proteins  Transcription= making RNA copy of DNA  Location= NUCLEUS  Translation = making polypeptide from RNA  Location- RIBOSOME  Every 3 bases= 1 codon= 1 amino acid

13. DNA and RNA  Code genetic information  DNA= permanent in nucleus  Double helix  Bases= G, C, A, T  RNA= temporary copy of DNA  Single strand  Bases= G, C, A, U  mRNA= Messenger, rRNA= ribosomal, tRNA= transfer

14. Genetics  Dominant allele= covers up all the other versions of a gene  Recessive allele= only shows when NO dominant is present  Incomplete dominance= two colors blend  Co-dominance= both colors show/ spotted  Heterozygous= Gg  Homozygous = GG or gg  Pedigrees= show family PHENOTYPES, can infer genotype  If parents don’t have a trait but kid does = RECESSIVE trait

15. Taxonomy and Classification  Scientific name = Genus name then species name  Homo sapiens Gorilla gorilla Macropus rufus  SPECIES= same genus also, can only reproduce with same species  Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species  If you share any, you also share all the ones above it.  Domains= Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea  Eukarya Kingdoms= Animal, Plant, Protista, Fungi,

16. Evolution- in five steps  Range of phenotypes exist (lots of different looks)  Too many babies born every generation, only some will survive.  Environment changes.  Individuals with traits best suited to new environment live, reproduce, pass on genes  Individuals least suited to new environment die, fail to pass on genes  Population adapts over time.

17. Ecology  All matter cycles around earth.  Food webs show the FLOW OF ENERGY.  ARROWS POINT IN THE DIRECTION OF ENERGY FLOW  Producers= Plants= use sun to MAKE food.  Primary consumer= herbivores= eat plants only  Secondary consumer= eat primary consumers  Apex consumer/ apex predator= carnivores= eats only meat  Carbon cycles= see photosynthesis and respirationphotosynthesis and respiration  Predator= doing the eating, PREY= being eaten  Mutualism= win/win, Parasitism= win/lose, commensalism= win/meh

18. MCAS Rules  DO NOT LEAVE ANY BLANKS!  DO NOT PANIC!  DO NOT LEAVE ANY BLANKS!