1. Ch. 12 Part 3 Notes Title: Houston Regains Presidency Title: Houston Regains Presidency Main Idea: Sam Houston’s return to the presidency signaled a change in the government’s economic and Native American policies. Main Idea: Sam Houston’s return to the presidency signaled a change in the government’s economic and Native American policies. Key Terms: archives Key Terms: archives

2. A Policy Of Economy a. Houston regained the presidency in 1841. It was his second term as president of Texas. b. To reduce debt, he cut government jobs and reduced the size of the army. c. He tried to sell Navy ships, but angry citizens of Galveston prevented the sale.

3. A Temporary Peace a. Houston also renewed work for peaceful and fair dealings with the Native Americans. b. Peace treaties were signed to ensure a period of calm for several years.

4. Invasion Triggers The Archives War a. In March 1842, a Mexican army of 500 soldiers led by General Vasquez invaded Texas in response to the Santa Fe expedition. b. Many Texans panicked as they army occupied San Antonio, Goliad, and Refugio. The army later with draws after several days, but….

5. Invasion Triggers The Archives War c. President Houston tried to move the government archives, or official documents, to Houston under a state of emergency. d. But citizens from Austin, led by Angelina Eberly, suspected Houston wanted the archives moved permanently. They resisted this move with force and were successful. e. This skirmish, called the Archives War, ended with the documents staying in Austin.

6. Woll Invades Texas a. In September 1842, a Mexican army of 1,400 soldiers led by General Woll invaded Texas and occupied San Antonio. b. The Texas Rangers and Texas militia responded and drove them out of Texas after some heavy fighting.

7. The Mier Expedition a. In November 1842, Houston ordered General Somervell and 750 troops to patrol the border area from San Antonio to Laredo. b. After finding no trace of the Mexican army, Somervell ordered his troops back to Gonzales.

8. The Mier Expedition c. 300 men led by Colonel Fisher mutinied by attacking the Mexican town of Mier. d. Result? The Mexican army of 900 men led by General Ampudia outnumbered the Texans and forced them to surrender after two days of fighting.

9. The Drawing Of The Beans a. As Texas captives were marched to Mexico City, some escaped, but later died from starvation and exposure. The rest were recaptured. b. Santa Anna, now back in power, ordered their punishment. c. Of the 176 men recaptured, 17 were to die.

10. The Drawing Of The Beans d. To determine which men were to be executed, each prisoner drew a bean from a jar containing white and black beans. Those who drew a black bean were shot. e. The rest of the prisoners were transferred to a prison in Vera Cruz.

11. Feuds Lead To Unrest In East Texas a. President Houston also dealt with trouble in the old Neutral Ground territory of East Texas. b. Feuds erupted over land titles; and 2 civilian peacekeeping groups, the Regulators and the Moderators (both formed to keep law and order) constantly fought one another. c. Result? Houston sent 600 soldiers to bring about peace. He also traveled there in person to remind them they’re all Texans and to stop fighting.

12. Drawing of the beans

13. Ch. 12 Part 4 Notes Title: Texas Becomes A State Title: Texas Becomes A State Main Idea: Efforts for Texas annexation were given a boost by the changing political atmosphere in the United States. Main Idea: Efforts for Texas annexation were given a boost by the changing political atmosphere in the United States. Key Terms: manifest destiny, joint resolution Key Terms: manifest destiny, joint resolution

14. The Texas Question a. Throughout the years of the Republic, most Texans still wanted Texas to join the USA. b. By Houston’s second term, the “Texas Question” became an important issue in American politics. c. Some Americans were against annexing Texas because it would benefit slave owners and might cause war with Mexico.

15. The Texas Question d. By April 1844, the USA and Texas signed a treaty that would make Texas a territory of the USA. Texas would also give all its public lands in exchange for the USA to pay all its debts. e. Most Texans were surprised when the US Senate rejected the treaty by a vote of 35 to 16. f. Most senators opposed it because Texas would enter the US as a slave state and give the South an advantage in the Senate (i.e. South > North).

16. Polk Wins Election a. In the US presidential election of 1844, James K. Polk of the Democratic Party narrowly defeated Henry Clay from the Whig Party. b. Polk heavily favored annexation of Texas. c. Polk and most Americans believed the USA was destined to expand from the Atlantic coast to the Pacific coast. - This is called manifest destiny.

17. Polk Wins Election d. Settlers wanted to live in fertile lands in Oregon, California, and Texas. e. Merchants wanted ports on the Pacific coast where American ships could stop on their way to trade with Asia.

18. Congress and Texas Approve Annexation a. First, the US Congress proposed that Texas be annexed by joint resolution, a resolution passed by both houses of Congress that has the force of law and a simple majority of each house (instead of two-thirds majority vote required by the Senate to approve a treaty). i. Congress passed this on February 28, 1845. ii. The joint resolution provided for immediate statehood, bypassing the time Texas would be a territory.

19. Congress and Texas Approve Annexation b. Second, Anson Jones, president of Texas in 1844, called a special session of the Texas Congress to consider and vote for annexation. i. The Texas congress approved annexation on October 13, 1845. ii. They also wrote a new state constitution. c. Third, on December 29, 1845, President Polk signed the resolution that made Texas a state.

20. Mexico Offers Recognition a. France and Great Britain preferred Texas stay an independent nation, rather than joining the USA. b. They tried to convince Mexico to recognize Texas so the annexation wouldn’t happen. c. In May 1845, Mexico offered to recognize Texas on 1 condition – Texas must reject annexation by the USA. d. Texas rejected the proposal and voted to approve annexation by the USA.

21. “The Republic of Texas is No More!” a. On February 19, 1846, Anson Jones, the last president of the Republic, turned the government over to J. Pinkney Henderson, the first governor of the state of Texas. b. The Lone Star flag was lowered, and the stars and stripes flag was raised. c. Texas officially became the 28 th state in the United States of America.