1. Foundations of Civilization

2. The origins, development, and achievements of early human beings will influence the establishment of civilization.

3. The Peopling of the World
2 million BC
Hunting-Gathering Bands
8000 BC
Growth of Villages
3000 BC
Rise of Cities

4. Hunting-Gathering Bands
Key Achievements:
Invention of tools
Mastery over fire
Development of language
Creation of art

5. Neolithic Revolution
Far-reaching changes in human life resulting from the beginning of farming
One of the great breakthroughs in history

6. Growth of Villages Key Achievements:
Breakthroughs in farming technology
Development of agriculture
Domestication of animals
Food surpluses

7. Rise of Cities Key Achievements: Specialized workers Record keeping
Complex institutions
Advanced technology

8. Culture The way of life of a group of people Includes:
Common practices
Clothing, food, sports, social customs
Shard understandings
Language, symbols, values, religious beliefs
Social Organization
Family, class structure, economic system, view of authority
Culture is learned:
Observation and imitation
Direct teaching (spoken or written language)

9. After the Neolithic Revolution shifted humans from nomadic to more sedentary life, early peoples organized their societies and built advanced civilizations.

10. Characteristics of Civilizations
Advanced Cities
Centers of political, economic, and religious life
Specialized Workers
Food surpluses allowed people to specialize in jobs outside of agriculture
Artisans, traders, soldiers
Complex Institutions
Law codes, religion, economy
Organized, untied, and helped civilizations to prosper
Record Keeping and Writing
Record laws, write down religious dates and rituals, record transactions
Advanced Technology
Metals, pottery, calendars

12. Sumer Environment: Tigris and Euphrates flooding unpredictable
No natural barriers
Limited natural resources

13. Sumer Power and Authority:
Independent city-states governed by monarchs
City-states united into first empires

14. Sumer Science and Technology: Cuneiform Irrigation Bronze
Wheel, sail, plow

15. Egypt Environment: Nile flooding predictable Natural barriers: deserts
Nile and easy transportation link

16. Egypt Power and Authority: Pharaohs rule kingdom as gods
Pharaohs built pyramids

17. Egypt Science and Technology: Hieroglyphics Pyramids
Mathematics, geometry
Medicine

18. Indus Valley Environment: Indus flooding unpredictable
Natural barriers: mountains, deserts
Monsoon winds

19. Indus Valley Power and Authority: Strong centralized government
Planned cities

20. Indus Valley Science and Technology: Writing (not yet deciphered)
Cities built on precise grid
Plumbing and sewage systems

21. China Environment: Huang He flooding unpredictable
Natural barriers: mountains, deserts
Geographically isolated

22. China Power and Authority: Community and family important
Sharp social divisions
Mandate of Heaven
Dynastic Cycle

23. China
Science and Technology:
Writing
Silk
Coined money
Cast iron

24. Migration and trade spread goods and cultural ideas throughout the ancient world. Cultural Diffusion The spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another

25. Indo-European Migrations

26. Three major religions develop and spread as people migrated.
Hinduism Buddhism Judaism

27. Hinduism Number of Gods Many gods, all faces of Brahman Holy Books
Vedas; Upanishads, Mahabharata, and others
Moral Law
Karma
Leaders
Brahmins
Final Goal
Moksha

28. Buddhism Number of Gods Originally, no gods Holy Books
Books on the teachings and life of the Buddha
Moral Law
Eightfold Path
Leaders
Monks
Final Goal
Enlightenment, Nirvana

29. Judaism Number of Gods One God Holy Books
The Torah and other books of the Hebrew Bible
Moral Law
Ten Commandments
Leaders
Priests, judges, kings, prophets
Final Goal
A moral life through obedience to God’s law

30. Seafaring Trade Mediterranean Sea- Minoans and Phoenicians
South and East Asia
Land routes connect to Central Asia
Trade networks ensured the exchange of products and information- CULTURAL DIFFUSION

31. First Age of Empires
The first large empires develop in Africa and Asia between 1570 BC and 200 BC

32. Egypt (1570 – 1075 BC) Pharaohs set up a professional army
Pharaohs invaded territories in Africa and Southwest Asia
Egypt drew vast wealth from the lands it controlled

33. Nubia (751 BC – 350 AD)
Nubia and Egypt interacted and spread their culture through trade
The kings of Nubia conquered Egypt and maintained the Egyptian way of life
Nubia established trade among Africa, Arabia, and India

34. Assyria ( BC)
Assyria used a sophisticated military organization to conquer an empire
The empire engaged in brutal treatment of its conquered peoples
Kings used harsh taxes to control conquered peoples

35. Persia (550-330 BC) Persian kings were tolerant
Kings permitted a high degree of local self-government
The empire was divided into 20 provinces

36. China ( BC)
Ethical systems laid the groundwork for a strong central government
The Qin Dynasty defeated invaders, crushed internal resistance, and united China
China initiated a sweeping program of centralization