1. Bellringer  subsistence farming  stateless societies  lineage group  Matrilineal  patrilineal  Workbook: Ch. 7 Sec. 3  Pgs. 79-81

2. Essential ? What have been important aspects of African kingdoms and culture?

4. African Kingdoms: Ghana  Ghana, the first great trading state in West Africa (500 – 1100) united by Sundiata  The kings of Ghana were strong rulers who governed without any laws  Ghana had an abundance of iron and gold – became a large trade empire  Traded with Muslim merchants from North Africa for salt  Berbers – nomadic people from North Africa whose camel caravans were vital to African trade

5. African Kingdoms: Mali  Greatest trading state; replaced Ghana around 1200.  Built its wealth on the gold and salt trade  Greatest king was Mansa Musa (1312-1337)  doubled the size of Mali  built mosques and libraries in Timbuktu  brought in Muslim scholars to study the Qu’ran  made a pilgrimage to Mecca distributing so much gold that he caused its value to fall

6.  United by Kossi around 1000  Songhai surpasses Mali in trade by the 1400s under Sunni Ali (its greatest king)  Sunni Ali conquered Timbuktu and Djenne in 1460s (Mali)–gave Songhai control of the gold and salt trade  By 1600 Songhai had declined African Kingdoms: Songhai http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID=448456

7. Numbered Heads #1 : What did the Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, And Songhai have in common?

13. African Society  African towns began as fortified walled villages that gradually grew into larger communities.  Towns were the center of government and trade, home to artisans, skilled metal workers, woodworkers, pottery makers and farmers.

14. Family and Lineage  The extended family consisted of the parents, children, and grandparents who lived in small round dwellings.  These extended family units were combined into larger communities know as lineage groups.

15. Role of Women  Women were valued for the work they could do or their role in having children.  Women often worked in the fields  Family lineage was based on the mother, not the father. (Matrilineal)

16. Education  Boys and girls up to 6 years old were taught language and family history by their mothers.  After the age of 6, boys went with their fathers to learn how to hunt and fish, how to grow plants, and how to clear a field for planting.  Girls went with their mothers and learned how to take care of a home and work in the fields. They also learned how to be good wives and mothers.

17. Slavery  Slavery started in Africa when the Berbers in North Africa raided farming villages and took captives to sell.  Slaves often included people captured in war, debtors, and criminals.  Slaves were NOT seen as inferior, but as trusted servants, respected for their special skills.

18. Religious Beliefs  Most African societies believed in a single creator god who sent his son from heaven in a canoe to create the first humans.  Other groups believed in a creator god and a group of lesser gods.

19. African Culture  Art, music and dance were meant to express religious conviction  Africa is famous for their woodcarvings of masks and statues, these carvings represented gods and were thought to embody their spiritual powers.

20. http://www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?I D=235860

21. Numbered Heads #2 What was family life like in African culture?

22. Written Summarization (Closure) What have been important aspects of African kingdoms/culture? (use the subheadings of Economy, Religion, Family, Art, and Government )