2. Chapter 32 ~ n Chapter 32 ~ Introduction to Animal Evolution

3. Def: animal (n) n Unique characteristics: n Multicellular n Heterotrophic eukaryotes; ingestion n Lack cell walls; (allows for movement)collagen n Nervous & muscular tissue n Sexual reproduction: (no alternation of generations, no haploid gametophyte n Development: diploid; cleavage; blastula; gastrulation; larvae; metamorphosis n Regulatory genes: Hox genes

4. Animal phylogeny & diversity, I n Monophyletic; colonial flagellated protist ancestor n 1- Parazoa-Eumetazoa dichotomy: sponges (Parazoa)~ no true tissues; all other animals (Eumetazoa)~ true tissues n 2- Radiata-Bilateria dichotomy: Cnidaria (hydra; ‘jellyfish’; sea anemones) & Ctenophora (comb jellies)~ radial body symmetry; all other animals~ bilateral body symmetry (also: cephalization)

5. Animal phylogeny & diversity, II n 3- Gastrulation: germ layer development; ectoderm (outer), mesoderm (middle), endoderm (inner); radiata are diploblastic-2 layers; no mesoderm; bilateria are triploblastic-all 3 layers n 4- Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, and Coelomate Grades: triploblastic animals~ solid body, no body cavity called acoelomates (Platyhelminthes-flatworms); body cavity, but not lined with mesoderm called pseudocoelomates (Rotifers); true coelom (body cavity) lined with mesoderm called coelomate

6. Animal phylogeny & diversity, III n 5- Protostome-Deuterostome dichotomy among coelomates: protostomes (mollusks, annelids, arthropods); deuterostomes (echinoderms, chordates) n a) cleavage: protostomes~ spiral and determinate; deuterotomes~ radial and indeterminate n b) coelom formation: protostomes~ schizocoelous; deuterostomes~ enterocoelous n c) blastopore fate: protostomes~ mouth from blastopore; deuterostomes~ anus from blastopore

7. Porifera Cnidaria Platyhelminthes spongesjellyfishflatworms roundworms Nematoda MolluscaArthropodaChordata AnnelidaEchinodermata mollusks multicellularity Ancestral Protist tissues bilateral symmetry body cavity segmentation Animal Evolution coelom starfishvertebrates endoskeleton segmented worms insects spiders backbone specialization &  body complexity specialized structure & function, muscle & nerve tissue distinct body plan; cephalization  body complexity  digestive & repro sys  digestive sys  body size redundancy, specialization,  mobility  body & brain size,  mobility radial bilateral