1. Year 9 Geography Revision

2. What is the Earth made up of? The earth is just like a giant apple. It has a thin layer called the crust, a softer part called the mantle and a liquid centre called the core. Some time after the earth formed, it got so hot that everything inside it melted. The heavier substances in the liquid sank and the lighter ones rose, forming layers. As the earth cooled, most of the layers turned solid. Earth was formed 4,600 million years ago. Since then it has been slowly cooling down and a thin crust has formed round the outside. The crust is broken into several enormous sections. The plates float above hot molten. The place where 2 sections/plates meet is called a plate boundary. The movement of these plate cause volcanoes & earthquakes. Earthquakes An earthquake is a sudden and short period of intense ground shaking. 1. Mercalli Scale The earthquakes intensity is split into twelve groups. Roman numerals I to XII are used to show the effects. It is based on observation and opinions. 2. Richter Scale This measures seismic waves using a seismograph. The Richter scale is logarithmic: an earthquake measured at 7 is 10x stronger than that at 6. Numbers range from 0 to 9

3. Earthquakes start at the focus. The epicentre is the point on the Earth’s surface above the focus, and is the first place to shake. The focus can be shallow or deep. Underground tectonic plates push past each other, building up pressure. This pressure is suddenly released along faults (cracks in the crust), sending out a huge pulse of energy. This travels out in all directions as earthquake waves. Volcanoes A volcano has different parts to it. It grows and each is different, but they all have certain features including a chamber, a vent and a crater. When they erupt, it can cause many problems for the people who live there. We saw that many people died when Mount Vesuvius erupted, but there was a sequence from not seeming too bad, to everything destroyed. People have their own reasons for living near to them. These include: 1. They have always lived there. 2. They don’t think it will happen to them. 3. The fields are very rich in plant foods from the ash.

4. United Kingdom China Where on earth is China? EUROPE AFRICA ASIA Austral asia EQUATOR

5. One Child Policy With a population of 1.2 billion, China's population grows by 14 million people every year — three-quarters of Australia's entire population! Up until the 1970s the Chinese government regarded a growing population as a benefit in bringing about economic development. By 1963, the average number of children born to a Chinese woman was 7.5. In recent decades, China's government has viewed population growth differently. With one-fifth of the world's population, but only 7 per cent of the world's farm land, continuing strong population growth would bring about great hardships, extreme poverty and famine. The Chinese government decided in the 1970s to control population growth. This has proved a very complex task. The main strategy the government introduced in 1982 was a radical family planning program to encourage couples to restrict their family size to just one child. This has become known as the 'One Child Policy'. Since 1982, detailed annual population plans have been drawn up for all provinces and cities. Birth targets or quotas have been set and controlled and all pregnancies are supposed to be planned and authorised. Because the One Child Policy is implemented and monitored by local authorities, it has been applied differently across the nation. For example, there has been stricter enforcement of the policy in urban areas than in rural areas. The policy is attempting a huge shift in the values of most Chinese people. Government campaigns are still achieving only limited success. Policy incentives salary bonus (urban) bigger land allocation (rural) extended maternity leave paid medical and hospital expenses priority access to housing, employment and schooling for the child Disobeying the policy withdrawal of family allowance and medical benefits fines (even against everyone in the village or town) demotion or discharge from a government job Exceptions to the rule membership of a minority ethnic group (can be allowed two or even more children) having a first child with a disability that is likely to result in inability to work pregnancy after adopting a child risk of 'losing the family line' without a second child (the first child being a girl) rural families with 'real difficulties' (all children so far being girls)

7. In a communist society workers had to work very hard, for long hours, without much rewards. In communism everybody is guaranteed a job, so there is no unemployment. Communist countries provide free education, health services and subsidised food to millions of people who were denied these under the old Capitalist system. Transport was cheap, rents were cheap, housing was cheap, and most people had a job. Communism did bring certain things - a sense of community, and a sense of society. Rich people should share their wealth with the less fortunate. Although Capitalism is good at manufacturing products. It is unsuccessful at distributing products. Only if you can afford the product, you can have it. In America, only the rich can afford the best health care, schools and universities. Think about the way our country is heading?? High university bills? Private healthcare? Churches and religion may be banned. Basic Communist Principles * One Party Dictatorship * Industries and farms owned and run by the state *No individual ownership of property * Individuals lives tightly controlled. In a communist society. The state controls all news- papers, books, films and radio programmes.

8. Capitalism is seen to make "Considerable progress" on ending poverty. Factories and companies should be owned by individuals because… People should be free to earn as much (or little) money as they want. In a Capitalist society you a free to vote for whatever party you want. Capitalism encourages people to invent, improve and advance technology. Capitalism - An economic system that features private ownership of the means of production (such as factories, offices, and shipping enterprises). Market forces determine the way in which goods are produced and the means by which income and profit are distributed is called capitalism. Work for profit and wages which are not equal Capitalism and Democracy are usually linked, A democracy is a form of government in which the people, either directly or indirectly, take part in governing. The word democracy originates from Greek, and means rule of the people. The government may set few controls on the economy to ensure it runs successfully (tax, interest rates)

9. Is there poverty in China? Some 27 million people were classified as rural poor last year by the government, earning less than 55 cents a day (30p) The government have said by 2020 no-one in China would need to worry about food and clothing. Those classified as poor are entitled to government help such as subsidies, job training, discounted loans and employment opportunities Girls are also more at risk than boys of becoming poor. China now has more billionai res than any other country except the USA. The gap between rich and poor is already too large.

10. Definitions of Tourism ‘The movement of people to places outside their normal places of work and community, the activities carried out during their holiday, and the facilities created to meet to their needs.’ ‘The act of moving outside one's home community for business or pleasure but not for commuting or travelling to or from school.’ ‘Persons travelling for pleasure in a period no less than 24 hours.’ ‘Being away from your usual habitat, the industry which responds to his needs, and the impacts that both he and the industry have on the environments.’ ‘Activity of people traveling away from their home community to take part in one or more of a variety of activities.’ Ecotourism is environmentally responsible travel to enjoy and appreciate nature and cultural experiences. Ecotourism should have low impact on the environment and should contribute to the well-being of local people.

11. . The Galapagos Islands are a small chain of islands found 1,000km from the West coast of South America. They are Ecuadorian, and are home to an incredible array of animals and plants. The Galapagos Islands are most famous because many of the plants and animals found there are not found anywhere else in the world. This is because the islands are isolated or cut off from the rest of the World’s land mass by the Pacific Ocean, allowing the plants and animals to EVOLVE in their own way for hundreds of thousands of years. Approximately 90% of the Islands are designated as National parks and there are only 20,000 permanent human residents (although this has risen from 9,000 only 20 years ago), allowing for a high degree of protection of the environment. The area became the first UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979 and they are also a biosphere reserve. The Government of Ecuador has been helpful in protecting the Galapagos Islands. In recent years, though they have reduce the finances and proper planning. A ‘Special Law for the Galapagos’ has been created to protect the environment.

12. The Galapagos Islands represent a place in the world were ECOTOURISM takes place. This is environmentally friendly tourism where the people involved seek to protect the environment as much as possible and to allow for some level of education as well. In many cases of ecotourism, some of the profits go back into protecting the environment and the tourism is small scale, with low visitor number densities and environmental approaches to accommodation and food.Galapagos Islands Another example, is the ecotourism lodge in Puerto Maldonado in Peru, where tours of the Amazon forest take place for tourists staying in small wooden huts there is limited electricity and waste is dealt with on site, and the food at the resort is sourced locally. The Galapagos are run along these lines because; Tourists visit under strict rules - They can only visit on small ships of 10 to 16 tourists, most of which are owned by local people -The tourists can only visit a limited number of places on the Islands, thus protecting the rest of the Islands -The tourists are only allowed to visit in small numbers. -Visitors also receive information on how to conserve the Islands prior to their departure to the Islands. - They also have to pay a £25 fee to promote conservation on the Islands Despite all of this, there are still some problems from the overuse of some sites (honey pot sites), oil spills from boats, and pollution to the Islands water supply and the water supply is put under pressure from the tourists use However, local people make a valuable living from tourism and there are few other employment opportunities available. Tourists also generate a lot of businesses in the local economy as guides, restraints, hotels, boats owners and cleaners all benefit

13. The UK tourist areas are overcrowded. School holidays now exist. People have more leisure time. People don’t see families anymore. People have become wealthier. Transport has improved so it is easier to travel. TV & Internet show us what countries are like Reasons why tourism has increased in the past century. What are the issues here? Movie tourism is when a destination or attraction is visited due to it being featured in a film, on television or in a book EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS Locations with particularly difficult environments where the development of tourism has only recently occurred due to a niche market demand for somewhere different with physical challenges. EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS Locations with particularly difficult environments where the development of tourism has only recently occurred due to a niche market demand for somewhere different with physical challenges.

14. Climate Change - Key Words Climate Changeany change in global temperatures and precipitation (rainfall) over time, due to natural or human activity Greenhouse EffectThe process whereby gases trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, causing the world to warm up Enhanced greenhouse effect The process whereby an increased amount of greenhouse gases (because of human activity) trap more heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, causing the world to warm up at a quicker rate Global Warmingthe gradual warming of the Earth’s atmosphere Carbon Dioxide (CO2) A greenhouse gas that is found in the Earth’s atmosphere Fossil fuelsExamples are coal, oil and gas. They are made from the remains dead plants and animals over millions of year. When they are burnt, C02 gases are released Greenhouse gasGases that pollute that atmosphere, including C02, methane, and water vapour AtmosphereA layer around the earth, made up of greenhouse gases. This layer acts as a blanket to insulate earth (keep it warm)