1. Lecture 2: AIRSIDE
PART 2
By: Zuliana Ismail

2. Airside Signage

3. Signage
Airside guidance signs provide direction and information to taxiing aircraft and any vehicles and assist in safe movement of aircraft.

4. Importance of the Signs
To show mandatory instructions, information on a specific location or destination in the aerodrome.
Characteristics of signs:
Clear
Rectangular
Different colors for each category
Illuminated (light up)

5. To identify aircraft location.
guidance signs
Runway distance remaining signs: Landing distance remaining
Destination signs: To show direction to the specific destinations (cargo areas, military areas, international areas, etc.)
Location signs:
To identify aircraft location.
Direction signs: To indicate the intersection for aircraft turning.
Mandatory signs:
To indicate that aircraft ARE NOT ALLOWED to enter (runway entrance & critical areas)

6. guidance signs
1. Mandatory signs
2. Location signs

7. 5. Runway distance remaining signs
guidance signs
3. Direction signs
4. Destination signs
5. Runway distance remaining signs
Sign Indicating
3,000 feet of Runway Remaining

8. Weather Information The Importance of Weather Information
To avoid flight delays, cancellations & other problems
To prevent accidents during take-off and landing
Facts
Weather is a factor in approximately 30% of aviation accidents and contributes directly or indirectly to nearly 80 % of fatal general aviation accidents. -NASA Research
Weather is one of the most influential factors in flight delays, cancellations, and other problems.
Weather Information

9. Airport Weather Stations
Automated Sensor
Automated Weather Observing Systems (AWOS)
Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS)
Every 20 minutes
Observes temperature, wind speed & direction, visibility, cloud coverage.
Can’t observe sudden weather change.
Every 1 hour
Observe weather conditions change rapidly.
Current weather, icing, lightning,, air pressure.
Weather observations at the airport
In the US and Canada, the vast majority of airports, large and small, have some form of automated airport weather station, whether an AWOS, ASOS. Most larger airports also have human observers to provide additional observations to supplement the automated station. These weather observations are available over the radio, through Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) or via the ATC.
Planes take-off and land into the wind in order to achieve maximum performance. Because pilots need instantaneous information during landing, a wind indicators is also kept in view of the runway.

10. Wind Indicators WIND DIRECTION INDICATORS
It is important for a pilot to know the direction of the wind. At facilities with an operating control tower, this information is provided by ATC. Information may also be provided by FSS personnel located at a particular airport or by requesting information on a common traffic advisory frequency (CTAF) at air-ports that have the capacity to receive and broadcast on this frequency.
When none of these services is available, it is possible to determine wind direction and runway in use by visual wind indicators. A pilot should check these wind indicators even when information is provided on the CTAF at a given airport because there is no assurance that the information provided is accurate.
Wind direction indicators include a wind sock, wind tee, or tetrahedron.

11. Wind Indicators
Guiding pilot to determine the correct runway to use for landing and take off
Wind Sock
Wind Tee
To Indicate wind direction & speed.
The stronger the wind, the straighter the wind sock.
Move back and forth when the wind is gusty.
To Indicate wind direction only.
To suggest the pilot the runway to be used
The wind sock is a good source of information since it not only indicates wind direction, but allows the pilot to estimate the wind velocity and gusts or factor. The wind sock extends out straighter in strong winds and will tend to move back and forth when the wind is gusty.
Wind tees can swing freely, and will align themselves with the wind direction. It can also be manually set to align with the runway in use; therefore, a pilot should also look at the wind sock, if available.
The function of tetrahedron is similar with wind tee
Location
Wind Indicators are usually located in a central location near the runway and may be placed in the center of a segmented circle, which will identify the traffic pattern direction, if it is other than the standard left-hand pattern. [Figures and 12-12]

12. What are the Importance of Weather Detector?
To prevent aircraft accidents.
To avoid flight delay or cancellations.
To make management of the air routes more efficient
To improve the safety of the aircraft in the air.
Importance
To prevent any aviation accidents.
To avoid flight delay or cancellations.
To make management of the air routes more efficient
To improve the safety of the aircraft in the air.

13. Navigational Aid Systems
Various types of air navigation aids are in use today, each serving a special purpose.
Navigational Aid Systems

14. Navigational Aid Systems
There are a number of navigational aids available in Airports.
A Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI): helps pilots fly a perfect approach for landing once they have found the airport.
VHF Omni directional range (VOR) to help pilots find the direction to the airport.
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) to determine the distance to the airport.
Instrument Landing System(ILS) to find the runway and fly the correct approach, even if they cannot see the ground.

15. A Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI):

16. Doppler VHF Omnidirectional Range Station (VOR)
Navigational Aids
The distance measuring equipment (DME) system gives the pilots distance to a DME ground station.
The pilot can tune one DME station with the navigation control panel.
The DME-distance shows on the navigation displays unit
Doppler VHF Omnidirectional Range Station (VOR)
Instrument Landing System(ILS)

17. Airport Classification Codes
Annex 14 provides the basic specification for aerodrome design and operations.
Pilots and airlines can operate to aerodromes with a similar standard or command.
Miscommunication can be avoided
Safety for the travelling public
Knowledge of aerodrome standards is necessary for all personnel who are charged with duties associated with regulation and operation of aerodromes.
Airport Classification Codes

18. Airport Classification Codes
Based On Two Elements
Based on AIRCRAFT
(ARC-Aerodrome
Reference Code)
Type Of
Runway
Approach
(NI,NP,P)
Example: 3C NP
Type of approach
Aerodrome reference code

19. Aerodrome Reference Code
The aerodromes are coded according to the physical requirements of the critical aircraft
The aerodrome facilities must meet physical requirements of the critical aircraft

20. Aerodrome Reference Code (ARC)
ARC is determined by two factors:
Code number (1,2..,4) to reflect aircraft operating performance in terms of balanced field length of runways
Airplane reference field length (RFL)
Code letter (A, B, ..,F) to reflect the aircraft physical dimensions
Wing span (WS)

21. Aerodrome Reference Code (ARC)
Airplane reference Field Length (RFL): The minimum field length required for take-off at maximum certificated take-off mass.
Wing Span (WS)= the maximum extent across the wings of an aircraft

22. Wing Span (WS)

23. Aerodrome Reference Code
Code element 1
Code element 2
Airplane reference
field length (RFL)
(2)
Code
number
(1)
Wing span (WS)
(4)
letter
(3)
RFL < 800 m
800 m ≤ RFL < 1200 m
1 200 m ≤ RFL < 1800 m
1 800 m ≤ RFL 1 2 3 4
WS < 15 m
15 m ≤ WS < 24 m
24 m ≤ WS < 36 m
36 m ≤ WS < 52 m
52 m ≤ WS < 65 m
65 ≤ WS < 80 m A B C D E F

24. Exercise What is the airport classification codes for Boeing & Airbus 380 landing at the Precision type Runway
Boeing
RFL=2990m
WS=64.4m
Airbus A380
RFL=>3300m
WS=79.8m

25. Aerodrome Reference Code Aerodrome Reference Code (ARC)No
Aircraft type
Code
Element 1 2
Aerodrome Reference Code (ARC)
RFL
( m)
Code No. WS
(m)
Code letter 1.
ATR
1010
24.6 C ? 2.
Fokker: 50
1760 3
29.0 3. A
2058 4
33.9 4. A
2200
60.3 E

26. Aerodrome Reference Code
AEROPLANE
TYPE
REF
CODE
ARFL
(m)
Wingspan
Lear Jet 55 3A
1292
13.4
Fokker F 3B
1646
23.6
Fokker:F27-500 3C
1670
29.0
Airbus A300 B2 3D
1676
44.8
Boeing: B B B 4C
2295
2749
2499
28.4
28.9 B B
B ER 4D
3088
2057
2743
44.4
38.0
47.6 B B B 4E
3292
3383
2500
59.6
64.9
60.9
For Airport Planning
Physical dimensions of runways, taxiways, & aprons (width, separation between runways, neighboring taxiways, aprons and building, separation between parallel taxiways and etc) depend on the aerodrome reference code selected for design purposes.