1. CHIROPTERA- II Biology of Flight and Echolocation EEOB 625 2 February 2004 No field trip this week, review for Lab Exam on 2-3 February

2. Structure of the Chiro-ptera Wing formed of skin overlaying greatly elongated digits 2-5 Digits 2-5 dedicated to flight Shape of the wing determine by the the relative lengths of 2&3 to 4&5

3. Fig 12.1 Feldhamer

4. Fig 12.1

5. Wing Shape & Aspect Ratio Aspect ratio = wing span squared divided by surface area of wing e.g., low = 10 cm 2 / (10 x 4 cm) = 2.5 high = 12 cm 2 / (12 x 3 cm) = 4

6. Examples of Wing Aspect Ratios (AR) High AR ( = 4.0) low AR (= 2.5) 10 cm 12 cm Feldhamer, 1999

7. Functional Morphology of Flight Highly maneuverable and coevolved with echolocation? Airfoils & lift: basic principles (Fig. 12.3, Feldhamer) Locking of the greater tuberosity of the humerus on the scapula (Fig. 10-6) Role of deltoids and muscles on scapula in maneuverable flight.

8. Vaughan

9. Vauhan (2000)

10. Principles of Echolocation High frequency ( 30-150 kHz) sound ( what?) Distances sensed from time delay Wave frequency and resolution of prey Information content of the echo (Figs.22-3, 22-5, 22-11) Feeding specializations

12. Principles of Echolocation Pulses of high frequency sound Distances sensed from delay in echo Wave frequency and resolution of prey Information content of the echo (Figs. 12.5, 12.6, 12.7 and 12.8 Feeding specializations

15. Principles of Echolocation Pulses of high frequency sound Distances sensed from time delay Wave frequency and resolution of prey High frequency, short wave lengths reflected by small objects : 30 kHz = 12 mm wave length 90 kHz = 4 mm wave length

16. Principles of Echolocation Pulses of high frequency sound Distances sensed from time delay Wave frequency and resolution of prey Sounds emitted in pulses of CF or FM CF (constant freq.) for sensing doppler shift FM for sensing finer details of the object Change in pulse frequency in target directed flight Information content of the echo Feeding specializations and niche width

19. Vaughan (2000), Fig 22.11