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Latin America in the 20 th Century Chapter 32
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Mexico: Revolution 1876-1910: Diaz’s repressive dictatorship Export economy w/ elite land ownership Foreign control spreads nationalism 1910-1920: Civil War & Revolution Turmoil as Villa & Zapata push for peasant- based reforms: land reform Only modern warfare allowed Obregon to end dispute amidst widespread devastation
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Mexico: Revolutionary Aftermath Constitution of 1917 Secular Redistribution of land Education Party of Institutionalized Revolution (PRI) One-party rule & stability Economic growth rather than social justice Multi-party democracy & NAFTA today
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Political & Economic Change Nationalism from economic dependence 1920s & 1930s – liberal ideals challenged by authoritarianism 1950s & 1960s – Cold War brings communism to region 1960s & 1970s – military dictators oust communists 1980s – democracy ~All with heavy U.S. involvement
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1920s & 1930s Liberal democracies dominated by elites Depression, intellectuals, universities call for radical change Art reacts to Western failing w/ indigenism
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Brazil Authoritarianism echoes Europe’s interest in Fascism Vargas Industrialization & Political repression WWII – side with Allies leading to democracy
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1950s & 1960s Governments swing toward communism Cold War brings foreign involvement Guatemala Nationalizing United Fruit prompts CIA coup
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Cuba Castro reactions to U.S. influence Communism = Failed economic policies Successful social programs Che Guevara exports communist ideology
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1960s & 1970s Conservatives & U.S. counter communism w/ military rule Political & economic stability w/o human rights
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1980s Democracy U.S. wins Cold War Military regimes lack success Communist sympathies remain
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Societies in Search of Change Catholicism Indigenous equality Women Legal equality but lagging social progress Urbanization
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Global Connections Independent & democratic …but problems remain… Yielding middle position b/t developed & developing world
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