1. Courts and Criminal Justice in America CHAPTER Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger | Worrall Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Technology, Alternatives, and the Future 16

2. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall Introduction Courts are increasingly “wired” as computer technologies become commonplace The substance of the courts is also undergoing rapid change  Crowding has forced court administrators to seek alternatives to the trial process

3. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall Technology in the Courts LEVEL-ONE TECHNOLOGIES  Evidence camera  Laptop computer with retrieval and presentation software  Monitors outside the jury box  Digital projector and projection screen

4. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall Technology in the Courts  Annotation equipment  Color video printer  Audio system  Telephone interpreting system  System controls  Legacy equipment

5. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall Technology in the Courts LEVEL-TWO TECHNOLOGIES  Small monitors built into the jury box  Electronic whiteboard  Integrated lectern  Videoconferencing equipment  Real-time reporting  Digital audio reporting  Internet connections

6. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall Technology in the Courts LEVEL-THREE TECHNOLOGIES  IPIX displays  Virtual reality displays  Holograms  Large-scale video

7. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall Technology in the Courts Uses for Technology  Electronic Filing Process of transmitting court information through an electronic medium Eliminates needless paperwork

8. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall Technology in the Courts  Database Integration Integrated databases help to solve information sharing and communication problems between public agencies e.g. Washington State’s Justice Information Network

9. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall Technology in the Courts  Electronic Discovery “…any process in which electronic data is sought, located, secured and searched with the intent of using it as evidence…”  Online Depositions Depositions can be difficult to schedule at a time when all parties are readily available Online depositions provide an alternative A result is considerable cost savings, such as through reduced travel time

10. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall Technology in the Courts  High Tech Evidence Presentation Technology is especially useful for presenting evidence to juries in complex cases  Court Web Logs “Blogs” that contain pertinent information such as hearing dates and decisions

11. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall Alternatives to Traditional Adjudication Crowded court dockets and the divisive nature of the criminal law have led to alternative methods of adjudication Alternative Dispute Resolution  Refers to any means of settling disputes outside of the courtroom  It has gained popularity due to growing court caseloads, expensive litigation, and time delays faced by litigants

12. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall Alternatives to Traditional Adjudication Arbitration  A simplified version of a trial that is brief in duration and the opinions are not made available to the public  Presided over by an arbitrator, a private, neutral person

13. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall Alternatives to Traditional Adjudication Mediation  Trained to help disputing parties come together to reach an agreement The mediator has no power to impose a decision on the parties

14. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall Alternatives to Traditional Adjudication Early Neutral Evaluation  Uses a neutral third part to provide an objective evaluation on the strengths and weaknesses of a case Intended to serve as a “reality check” for parties

15. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall Alternatives to Traditional Adjudication Conciliation  A conciliator plays a direct role in the actual resolution of a dispute and makes proposals for settlement Restorative Justice  At the core of restorative justice are two concepts: harm and repair

16. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall Alternatives to Traditional Adjudication Victim-Offender Mediation  Consists of a meeting between victim and offender, facilitated by a trained mediator  Four steps to the process: case referral and intake, preparation for mediation, mediation and follow-up

17. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall Alternatives to Traditional Adjudication Conferencing  Occurs when the victim and the offender have an extended conversation about the crime and its consequences

18. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall Alternatives to Traditional Adjudication Sentencing Circles  Provide an opportunity for the victim and offender to interact Move beyond mediation and conferencing by involving the community in the decision

19. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall Alternatives to Traditional Adjudication Other Examples  The NIJ has identified several, including: Victim Impact Statements Restitution Community Service Community Reparative Boards

20. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall The Courtroom of the Future Redefining Courts  The Vanishing Trial Trials are becoming less common due to resource restraints  Changing Role Distinctions Prosecutors are more engaged in problem-solving, judges assume non- traditional roles, and defense attorneys are less adversarial

21. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall The Courtroom of the Future Wither the Juvenile Justice System?  Reforms are making the juvenile justice system look more like the adult system The abolishment of the juvenile court is unlikely

22. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall The Courtroom of the Future Customer Service  Web-based assistance is an important development in this area  Public access to the courts will remain important as technology continues to advance

23. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall Emerging Crimes and Pressing Issues Human Trafficking  Impact on the Courts Challenges include identification of cases, investigative challenges, low penalties for traffickers and lack of trafficking laws

24. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall Emerging Crimes and Pressing Issues Elder Abuse and Neglect  Refers to any knowing, intentional, or negligent act by a person that causes harm or a serious risk of harm Can be physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, neglect or abandonment  Impact on the Courts The problem of elder abuse continues to come to the attention of the courts

25. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall Emerging Crimes and Pressing Issues Identity Theft  The unlawful use of another’s personal identifying information  Computers have made it easier for criminals to obtain the information  Impact on the Courts The rise in identity theft, coupled with legislative changes aimed at curbing the problem, will present real challenges for the courts

26. Copyright © 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Courts and Criminal Justice in America, 2nd Edition Siegel | Schmalleger| Worrall Emerging Crimes and Pressing Issues Immigration  Immigration, legal and illegal, continues to grow  There is a concern, particularly aimed at illegal immigrants, that crime could be a problem