1. Cultural Encounters and Intercultural Communication Ville Jakkula LUC Language Centre

2. Culture  Definitions  Dominant culture  Subcultures, co-cultures +Ethnocentrism

3. Culture: Definitions “Collective programming of the mind.” – Geert Hofstede

4. Culture: Definitions “The learned and shared values, behaviors and beliefs of a group of interacting people.” – Milton J. Bennett 1998

5. Culture: Definitions “A negotiated set of shared symbolic systems that guide individuals’ behaviors and incline them to function as a group.” – Chen & Starosta 1997

6. Approaching IC 1 Stereotypes 2 Pieces of information 3 Dimensions 4 Concepts and models 5 Theories

7. Stereotypes Simple auto-stereotype Projected auto-stereotype Projected hetero-stereotype Simple hetero-stereotype

8. Stereotypes 1 Simple auto-stereotype ”All Finns are honest and trustworthy.” 2 Projected auto-stereotype 3 Simple hetero-stereotype 4 Projected hetero-stereotype

9. Stereotypes 1 Simple auto-stereotype 2 Projected auto-stereotype “Spaniards consider us to be silent and shy” 3 Simple hetero-stereotype 4 Projected hetero-stereotype

10. Stereotypes 1 Simple auto-stereotype 2 Projected auto-stereotype 3 Simple hetero-stereotype “All Germans are punctual and scrupulous.” 4 Projected hetero-stereotype

11. Stereotypes 1 Simple auto-stereotype 2 Projected auto-stereotype 3 Simple hetero-stereotype 4 Projected hetero-stereotype “Brits see themselves as restrained and cultivated.”

12. Finnish stereotypes?

13. Dimensions I: Edward T. Hall HIGH LOW MONOCHRONIC POLYCHRONIC CONTEXT TIME

14. Dimensions II: Geert Hofstede INDIVIDUALISM VS. COLLECTIVISM POWER DISTANCE FEMININITY VS. MASCULINITY UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE

15. Dimensions III: other approaches Grondona Trompenaars & Hampden-Turner Kluckhohn & Strodtbeck Weaver

16. Cultural Adaptation: the U-curve Recovery stage Critical stage Conflict stage Honeymoon stage (Lysgaard, 1955)

17. Acculturation (Bennett) Denial Defence Minimalization Acceptance Integration Adaptation personal growth Bennett 1986

18. Intercultural Communication Competence

19. Surviving with a Foreign Language Avoid complex language Remember culture-bound meanings Repeat your message Ask & clarify Use familiar and concrete expressions Use multiple channels (NVC) Remember: misinterpretations are inevitable (Samovar et al.)