1. 1 Chapter 4: Verbal Messages

2. Language A symbolic system used by people to communicate verbal or written messages 2

3. What is (are).... RG3? hashtags? Food Comas? Headcams? A Mooc? Phablets Bitcoins Cake Pops Monte Cristos 4G LTE? Chatbots? A Boo? A Hat Tip? Blondies? Silly Money? Eggy Bread? Streaky Bacon? Debt Trap? 3

4. Language Lexicon – collection of words and expressions Phonology – sounds used to pronounce words 4

5. LanguageCommunity Language Community Language community: group of people who share a common language Languages are collections of dialects. Dialect: form of the language spoken by a specific culture or co-culture, understood by the larger language community Speech community: speak a common dialect, particular style, observe common linguistic norms or scripts Privileged dialect marks one as part of the “in- group” of society. 5

6. Characteristics of Language Arbitrary No physical connection between the word and its meaning and must have a shared community to understand it’s use. Ambiguous Words can be open to multiple interpretations I am hot! Abstract The word is not the thing it represents and is open to multiple interpretations even when in a shared community. Self-reflective We can use words to reflect about our past and discuss the future, speak hypothetically, and learn from other’s experiences. 6

7. Characteristics of Language Language changes over time New words come into and leave our popular lexicon groovy, sexting, cyber-bullying, xeroxing New inventions create new words Googling, MP3, blueray disc Meanings of words change over time as well Language reveals our attitudes, judgments, or feelings Thrifty or stingy? Loving or smothering? Curious or nosey? Hierarchical Language shows our biases, ordering reality Saying someone is smarter implies others aren’t as smart. 7

8. Language and Meaning 8 Semantic meaning – the meaning derived from the language itself Words – arbitrarily chosen symbols used by a speech community to name things

9. Levels of Meaning 9 Denotation the direct, explicit meaning of a word found in a dictionary Connotation the feelings or evaluations we personally associate with a word

10. Improving Message Semantics Use specific language (language that is concrete and precise) Date information. Index generalizations. (qualify messages instead of offering overt generalizations) Adapt language to listeners. Demonstrate linguistic sensitivity. 10

11. Abstract to Concrete Art Painting Oil Painting Impressionist Oil Painting Renoir’s La Promenade 11 abstract concrete

12. Rephrase each statement so that it is less abstract and more concrete: Edward always finds something critical to say. Most people have lost any sense of personal responsibility. Let’s keep our trip from getting too expensive. Politicians are dishonest. 12

13. Dating Information 13 Specify a time that indicates when a given fact was true or known to be true: Palm Springs is really popular with the college crowd. When we were in Palm Springs two years ago, it was really popular with the college crowd.

14. Indexing Generalizations 14 Mentally or verbally account for individual differences: Because men are stronger than women, Max is stronger than Barbara. In general, men are stronger than women, so Max is probably stronger than Barbara.

15. Adapt Language to Listener Use vocabulary the listener understands. Use jargon sparingly. Use slang appropriately. 15

16. Linguistic Sensitivity Monitor your language to avoid: Language that offends or alienates Pointing out a person’s race, sex, etc. (nonparallel language) Prejudicial language Use inclusive language. 16

17. 17 Avoid “Generic” Man Inclusive language Policeman Police officer Man-made Synthetic All of mankindAll the people in the world -Wood

18. How would you change the following terms to avoid sexism? Fireman Waitress Repairman Stewardess Mailman Chairman Cleaning lady Congressman Anchorman Freshman 18

19. Conversations Pragmatic meaning: meaning that arises from understanding the practical consequences of the utterance Speech act: verbal message that implies how the listener should respond Paul Grice: The Cooperative principle: conversational partners are able to understand meaning because they assume their partners are collaborating 19

20. Conversation Maxims Quality maxim: Tell the truth, the whole truth, and only the truth. Quantity maxim: Provide the “right” amount of information. Relevancy maxim: Relate what you say to the topic being discussed. Manner maxim: Be orderly in what you say. * Acknowledge when you are violating a maxim. * Rely on the cooperative principle when interpreting violations of a maxim. 20

21. Language and Culture Sociolinguistic meaning: varies in meaning according to norms and expectations of a particular co-culture Idioms: expressions used by members of a language or speech community whose meaning differs from the usual meanings in that combination of words: “The gas I bought today cost an arm and a leg!” 21

22. Verbal Styles Direct Verbal Style Openly states the speaker’s intention Straightforward, unambiguous Low-context cultures Indirect Verbal Style Masks the speaker’s true intention Roundabout, vague message High-context cultures 22

23. Improving Sociolinguistic Understanding Develop intercultural competence. Practice mindfulness, the process of drawing novel distinctions. Recognize, respect, and adapt to the sociolinguistic practices of others. 23