1. Organization of Organisms
Life Science
Organization of Organisms

2. Benchmarks
SC.6.L.14.1: Students will identify and/or describe patterns in the hierarchical organization of organisms, from atoms to molecules, to cells, to tissues, to organs, to organ systems, to organisms

3. Hierarchy A B C D E F G
Label the pictures above as: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, or organism. Then put them in order of increasing complexity.
SC.6.L.14.1

4. Strand F – Processes of Life
Biology is the scientific study of living things.
There are more than 2 million species of living things on the earth. They range in size from microscopic bacteria to huge blue whales and towering redwood trees.
Living things also differ greatly in where and how they live.

5. Processes of Living Things
Characteristics include:
made up of cells
reproduce
grow
obtain and use energy
and respond to the environment

6. Processes of Living Things
Other characteristics may include:
need water
composed of many chemical substances and are highly organized
have a definite structure and size
have a definite life-span

7. Processes of Living Things
Other characteristics may include:
show adaptation
evolve, or change, over long periods of time

8. Levels of Organization
Subatomic Particles -> Atoms -> Molecules -> Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems -> Organism -> Population -> Community -> Ecosystem (Biome) -> Biosphere

9. Levels of Organization
Population – the simplest grouping of organisms in nature (all the frogs in a pond).
Community – all the populations of different organisms within a given area (all the animals in the pond).

10. Levels of Organization
Ecosystem (biome) – geographic area that has a particular type of community (abiotic/biotic).
Biosphere – portion of the earth in which living things exist (lithosphere/hydrosphere/ atmosphere).

11. Life Science
Cell Theory

12. Benchmarks
SC.6.L.14.2: Students will identify, describe, and explain the components of cell theory.
SC.6.L.14.3: Students will describe how cells undergo similar processes to maintain homeostasis.

13. Cell Theory All living things are made out of cells
Cells are the smallest unit of life
All cells have a nucleus and cholorplasts
All cells come from other cells
Which of the above statements is NOT part of the Cell Theory? How do you know?
SC.6.L.14.2

14. Homeostasis
What processes of cellular homeostasis are represented by the images above? Explain why those processes are important.
SC.6.L.14.3

15. Cell Structure and Function
Life Science
Cell Structure and Function

16. Benchmarks
SC.6.L.14.4: Students will compare and/or contrast the structure and function of major organelles of plant and animal cells.

17. Parts of a Cell Think about:
What are some key differences between plant cells, animal cells, and bacteria cells?
Good review of hierarchy and cell theory as well.
SC.6.L.14.4

18. Infectious Agents Bacteria Fungus Virus
Compare and contrast the infectious agents above. Include information about how they are transmitted and treated and if/how they can be prevented
SC.6.L.14.6

19. Prokaryote v. Eukaryote
Prokaryote – a single celled organism without a nucleus
Eukaryote - a single-celled or multi-cellular organism whose cells contain a distinct membrane-bound nucleus.

20. Cell Structure and Function
Mitosis – cell division/complete process of copying and dividing the whole cell
Plant cell v. Animal cell – Plant cells can have all the animal cells structures and a cell wall and chloroplasts.

21. What kind of cell is this?

22. Cell Structure and Function
Endoplasmic Reticulum – makes proteins and transports materials
Mitochondria – transforms the energy from the food into a source cells can use “powerhouse”
Nucleus – contains cell’s DNA
Ribosomes – puts proteins together

23. Cell Structure and Function
Golgi Bodies – helps package and distribute products within the cell
Cytoplasm – gel-like fluid that takes up most of the space inside a cell
Cell membrane – structure that surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell
Vacuoles – holds waste products

24. Cell Structure and Function
Nuclear membrane – structure that surrounds the nucleus of a cell
Chloroplast – contains chlorophyll of plant cell
Cell wall – stiff outer barrier of plant cell

25. Processes of Life Osmosis – diffusion of water across a membrane
Diffusion – movement from an area of higher concentration to lesser concentration

27. Life Science
DNA and Genetics

28. Benchmarks
SC.7.L.16.1: Students will describe and explain that every organism requires a set of instructions that specifies its traits. Students will identify and explain that hereditary information (DNA) contains genes located in the chromosomes of each cell and that heredity is the passage of these instructions from one generation to another.
SC.7.L.16.2: Students will use Punnett squares and pedigrees to determine genotypic and phenotypic probabilities.
SC.7.L.16.3: Students will compare and contrast general processes of sexual and asexual reproduction that result in the passage of hereditary information from one generation to another.

29. DNA
The diagram shows the structural hierarchy of genetic material inside a cell including: nucleus, chromosome, gene, and DNA

30. DNA
The diagram to the left shows the structural hierarchy of genetic material inside a cell including: nucleus, chromosome, gene, and DNA
Describe the hierarchy in your own words as it applies to the transmission of genetic material
SC.7.L.16.1

31. Mitosis and Meiosis A B
Which of the cells above went through mitosis and which went through meiosis? How do you know?
SC.7.L.16.3

32. Processes of Life
Sexual Reproduction – combining cells from two different parents (gametes)
Asexual Reproduction – one parent organism
Traits inherited from parent
Dominant allelle – if present, determines trait
Recessive allelle – masked if dominant allelle is present

33. Processes of Life
Punnett Square – used to predict what traits offspring will have

34. Processes of Life Genotype – set of genes carried by an organism
Phenotype – physical appearance of an organism
Homozygous – AA or aa
Heterozygous - Aa

35. Processes of Life
Adaptations – structures, behaviors, or other traits in an organism that help it to survive in its environment.
spiny leaves for cacti to reduce water loss
Beak shapes for types of seeds available
Normal differences within species is genetic variation.
Random changes are mutations and can be harmful. Ie a brown polar bear.

36. Life Science
Theory of Evolution

37. Benchmarks
SC.7.L.15.2: Students will identify and explain ways in which genetic variation and environmental factors contribute to evolution by natural selection and diversity of organisms.
SC.7.L.15.1: Students will identify and explain ways in which fossil evidence is consistent with the scientific theory of evolution.
SC.7.L.15.3: Students will identify and explain how a species’ inability to adapt may contribute to the extinction of that species

38. Fossil Evidence Think about:
What is some fossil evidence that has been gathered to explain the evolution from land mammals to aquatic mammals?
Teachers: you should avoid the 5th example on the site as it gets into human evolution which can be controversial and is not part of the test item specs for FCAT
SC.7.L.15.1

39. Adaptation or Extinction
Explain how polar bears would have to adapt to their changing environment in order to avoid extinction
SC.7.L.15.3

40. Changes over time Fossils – physical remains of organisms.
Natural selection – the process of organisms to change over time.
Adaptation – a characteristic or trait that helps an organism survive in its environment.
Genetic variation – variety in offspring.
Mutation – greater variation or random changes.

41. Changes over time Extinction – When the organisms die.
Mass extinction – many species die at one time.

42. Symbiotic Relationships
Relationships in which two different organisms live in close association to the benefit of at least one of them.
Mutualism – both organisms benefit
Commensalism – one organism benefits, the other remains unaffected
Parasitism – one organism benefits, the other is harmed

43. Conservation of Mass and Energy (Photosynthesis and Respiration)
Life Science
Conservation of Mass and Energy
(Photosynthesis and Respiration)

44. Benchmarks
SC.8.L.18.4: Students will explain that living systems obey the Law of Conservation of Mass and the Law of Conservation of Energy.
SC.8.L.18.1 (SC.8.L.18.2): Students will describe and explain the general processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Students will describe the role of light, carbon dioxide, water, and chlorophyll in the process and products of photosynthesis
SC.8.L.18.3: Students will describe how matter and energy are transferred in the carbon cycle.

45. Conservation of Mass and Energy
Energy: states that the total amount of energy in an isolated system remains constant over time. This law means that energy can change its location within the system, and that it can change form within the system but not change in amount of total energy.
Mass: states that the mass of an isolated system will remain constant over time. This law means that mass cannot be created or destroyed, although it may be rearranged in space and changed into different types of particles
Create a statement that combines both laws into one concept. Give an example of how these laws apply to living systems.
SC.8.L.18.4

46. Photosynthesis and Respiration
Think about:
What is created during photosynthesis that is used by the plant for energy? What is created during photosynthesis that is used by humans?
Teachers: there are several animations on the site that may be used but the ideal one is “8.1a Process Animation: Photosynthesis: The Flow of Energy” as it shows both processes
SC.8.L.18.1, SC.8.L.18.2

47. Nutrition
Autotrophs – organisms that can make their own food. Can photosynthesize. Directly or indirectly produce food for heterotrophs.

48. Nutrition Heterotrophs – Must obtain food.
Herbivores – feed on plants.
Carnivores – feed on animals
Predators – attack and kill prey
Scavengers – feed on dead animals they find
Omnivores – feed both on plants and animals
Saprobes – obtain nutrients by breaking down the remains of dead plants and animals. Bacteria and fungus fall into this group.

49. Symbiotic Relationships
Relationships in which two different organisms live in close association to the benefit of at least one of them.
Mutualism – both organisms benefit
Commensalism – one organism benefits, the other remains unaffected
Parasitism – one organism benefits, the other is harmed