1. Energy Return On Investment (EROI) Charles Hall (SUNY College Env Sci & Forestry)

3. estimated minimum EROI required for the basic functioning of an industrial society ca. 5 - 10

4. Energy Return On Investment (EROI)

5. Energy return on investment (EROI) for different energy sources. Lighter color indicates range of EROI, depending on conditions. Source: Charles A.S. Hall and John W. Day, Jr. in “Revisiting the Limits to Growth After Peak Oil” in American Scientist, May-June, 2009.

6. Energy Return On Investment (EROI) Energy return on investment (EROI) for different energy sources. Lighter color indicates range of EROI, depending on conditions. Source: Charles A.S. Hall and John W. Day, Jr. in “Revisiting the Limits to Growth After Peak Oil” in American Scientist, May-June, 2009.

7. Q: Can BioFuels Can Be Competitive? A: Yes Carbon Intensity Energy Density gram CO 2 /KWatt-hour KWatt-hour/kg ED ethanol is only 2/3 that of gasoline

8. % Electricity from Renewable Sources by Country

9. Israel 1% France 12% United States 13% Germany 21% Spain 30% Denmark 40% Portugal 47% Sweden 55% Canada 63 % Norway 97% Iceland 100% 66% hydroelectric; 20% wind 93% hydroelectric hydroelectric and geothermal 28% wind 37% wind; 19% hydroelectric; 15% solar