1. End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 1 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biotic and Abiotic Factors 35. What factors create unique ecosystems? Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of biological (biotic) and physical (abiotic) factors. 36. What are biotic and abiotic factors? biotic - the biological influences on organisms within an ecosystem that include all the living things with which an organism might interact. abiotic - Physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems including temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind, nutrient availability, soil type, and sunlight. 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

2. End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 2 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biotic and Abiotic Factors 37. How do biotic and abiotic factors influence an ecosystem? They determine the survival and growth of an organism and the productivity of the ecosystem where it lives. 38. Ecology vocabulary: habitat - the area where an organism lives including both biotic and abiotic factors. niche - the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions.

3. End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 3 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Niche 39. What things affect a niche? The range of temperatures that an organism needs to survive and its place in the food web. The combination of biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem often determines the number of different niches in that ecosystem. No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat, but different species can occupy niches that are very similar.

4. End Show Slide 4 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Unique ecosystems are created by a combination of both living (_______) and physical (_______) factors. What 2 things determine the survival and growth of an organism & the productivity of ecosystems where it lives. A ______ is the area where an organism lives, while a _______ is the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives. Niche/Habitat or Habitat/Niche List one thing that affect’s a niche.

5. End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 5 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions 40. What are the different types of community interactions? Competition, predation, and various forms of symbiosis. 41. What are characteristics of competition? Competition occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. 42. What is a resource? Any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space.

6. End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 6 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions 43. What is an example of how organisms avoid competing with one another? The distribution of these warblers avoids direct competition. Each feeds in a different part of the tree. Yellow-Rumped Warbler Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeding height (m) 0 6 12 18 Cape May Warbler

7. End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 7 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions 44. What are predation and symbiosis? predation - an interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another. The organism that does the killing and eating is called the predator, and the food organism is the prey. symbiosis - any relationship in which two species live closely together. 45. What are the different types of symbiotic relationships? Mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

8. End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 8 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions 46. Symbiosis Vocabulary: mutualism - both species benefit from the relationship. commensalism – one benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. parasitism - one benefits by living on or inside another organism and harms it.

9. End Show Slide 9 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What are the 3 types of community interactions? Match the following: 1.Resource a. 1 benefits and 1 neither benefits or is harmed 2.Predationb. relationship where 2 species live close together 3.Symbiosisc. 1 benefits and 1 is harmed 4.Mutualismd. both benefit 5.Commensalisme. the act of 1 organism feeding on another 6.Parasitism f. a ny necessity of life (water, space)

10. End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 10 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Succession 47. What is ecological succession? A series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time. 48. What are characteristics of ecological succession? Ecosystems constantly change in response to natural and human disturbances. As an ecosystem changes, older inhabitants gradually die out and new organisms move in, causing more changes in the community. Sometimes, an ecosystem changes in response to an abrupt disturbance. At other times, change occurs more gradually in response to natural changes in the environment.

11. End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 11 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Succession 49. What are the different types of succession? Primary and secondary succession on land. Additionally, there is succession in marine ecosystems and communities. 50. What are characteristics of primary succession? Succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists. For example, it occurs on rock surfaces formed after volcanoes erupt. 51. What is the first species to appear in an area? A pioneer species.

12. End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 12 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Succession Fig. 1: In this example, a volcanic eruption has destroyed the previous ecosystem. Fig 2: The 1st organisms to appear = lichens (pioneer species). Fig. 3: Mosses soon appear, and grasses take root in the thin layer of soil. Fig. 4: Eventually larger species like trees and shrubs will return to the area.

13. End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 13 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Succession 52. What are characteristics of secondary succession? Components of an ecosystem can be changed by natural events, such as fires. When the disturbance is over, community interactions tend to restore the ecosystem to its original condition. Healthy ecosystems usually recover from natural disturbances, but may not recover from long-term, human-caused disturbances.

14. End Show 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem? Slide 14 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Succession 53. Can succession occur in deep, dark ocean (marine ecosystem)? Yes, in 1987, scientists documented an unusual community of organisms living on the remains of a dead whale. 54. What are characteristics of a marine succession when a whale dies? Succession begins when a whale dies and sinks to the ocean floor. Within a year, most of the whale’s tissues have been eaten by scavengers and decomposers. The decomposition of the whale’s body enriches the surrounding sediments with nutrients. The skeleton is broken down releasing oils and other compounds that serve as energy sources for organisms.

15. End Show Slide 15 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall What is ecological succession? What is 1 characteristic of ecological succession? Succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists is called _______ succession. Primary or Secondary The first species to appear in an area is called a what? What is one characteristic of secondary succession?

16. End Show Slide 16 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-2 Which of the following is a biotic factor in a bullfrog's niche? a.water b.a heron c.climate d.day length

17. End Show Slide 17 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-2 An organism’s niche is different from its habitat because a.The niche does not include the place where the organism lives. b.the niche includes all the conditions under which the organism lives. c.the niche includes only abiotic factors. d.the niche includes only biotic factors.

18. End Show Slide 18 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-2 The attempt by organisms of the same or different species to use a resource at the same time in the same place is called a.competition. b.predation. c.symbiosis. d.cooperation.

19. End Show Slide 19 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-2 An association between two species in which one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed is called a.symbiosis. b.mutualism. c.commensalism. d.parasitism.

20. End Show Slide 20 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-2 When a volcano erupts and completely destroys an ecosystem, the first species to populate the area are usually a.grasses and shrubs. b.pioneers such as lichens. c.small plants such as mosses. d.small animals such as rodents.