1. I. Making the Peace in Europe Chapter 26, Section 4

2. I. The Costs of War A. Human Costs = millions throughout Europe and Asia were killed Pandemic made things worse in 1918 = the flu killed more than 20 million worldwide B. Financial Tolls = from France to Russia; homes, factories, roads, bridges and churches were destroyed All had to be rebuilt Nations had huge war debts to repay C. Reparations = imposed on Central Powers to help rebuild Allied nations in Europe Central Powers = many looked for scapegoats to blame for their defeat

3. II. Political Turmoil A. Governments Collapse In… Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia and Ottoman Empire B. Radicals = people who wanted to make extreme changes Emerged after WWI, wanted a new social order Conservatives = warned against the spread of communism C. Impact in Colonies = imperialist powers no longer seemed invincible, instability increased

4. III. The Paris Peace Conference A. Allies met in Paris to discuss the fate of Europe Central Powers and Russia did not take part in the negotiations Russia was undergoing a revolution in its own nation B. President Wilson: urged “Peace without Victory” based on “the Fourteen Points” Britain and France had different goals Britain: Wanted to rebuild a bigger, better nation France: Wanted to weaken Germany

5. IV. Problems with the Peace A. Problem I: Secret Agreements made during the war (i.e. Italy) B. Problem II: Self-Determination Many people ruled by Russia, Austria- Hungary, or Ottoman Empire now wanted their own states Many became minorities in newly created states Led to instability

6. V. The Treaty of Versailles A. June 1919 = Allied ordered representatives of Germany to sign the treaty B. The Germans were horrified Had to assume full blame for the war Imposed huge reparations that would devastate Germany’s economy Reparations also covered pensions for widows/families of Allied soldiers Limited Size of the German army Returned Alsace/Lorraine to France Overseas colonies of Germany were stripped away http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ShRA 8HRMR4Q

7. VI. Outcomes of the Peace Settlements: A. Allies drew up outside treaties with other Central Powers Caused discontent Many wanted revisions made to peace settlements B. Self-Determination: Many new nations emerge as Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russian empires decline Poland becomes an independent nation The Baltic States achieved independence 3 New Republics: Czechoslovakia, Austria and Hungary Yugoslavia emerges as new Slavic state We’re FREE!!!!!

8. VII: The Mandate System: A. Allies added to overseas empires outside of Europe Treaty of Versailles created a mandate system = territories administered by Western powers Britain & France = received mandates over Germany colonies Japan & Australia = given mandates over Pacific colonies Ottoman lands were treated as colonies too B. Result of Mandates = people around the world felt betrayed by the peacemakers in Paris (Allies) WHAT THE !#@% !

10. VIII. League of Nations: A. LON was established at the Paris Peace Conference B. 40 Nations joined Agreed to negotiate disputes rather than fight in wars Take common action against agressors Dream of Woodrow Wilson C. Many in the Congress here at home opposed the LON: Henry Cabot Lodge = wanted to prevent US involvement in future conflicts D. U.S.A = never joins the league of nations, Senate failed to ratify the treaty E. No U.S.A. = weakened the LON’s power Failed to prevent war League had no power outside its member states