1. Objectives: Evaluate the causes and effectiveness of nineteenth and twentieth century nationalistic movements that challenged European domination in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

2. Causes Industrial Revolution created demand for raw materials & markets Nationalism – European nations built empires in quest for power Prestige – “the sun never sets on the British Empire” Feelings of cultural superiority – Social Darwinism & racism Humanitarian – Rudyard Kipling’s the “White Man’s Burden” Humanitarian- a person promoting human welfare and social reform Missionaries tried to evangelize the “heathen masses” Emigration – a chance to strike it rich; Cecil Rhodes in Africa

3. Indirect rule – colonial power allowed local rulers to maintain status Direct rule – officials from the mother country replace local elites Protectorate – own government but protected by another government Sphere of influence – imperialist power held exclusive rights in region

4. Sepoy Mutiny caused British government to take direct control Benefits – order & stability; honest & efficient government; English Costs – economic; degrading and disrespectful rule

5. Central Africa David Livingstone – Scottish missionary, doctor, & explorer Henry Stanley – journalist hired to find Livingstone

6. Southern Africa Boers or Afrikaners – descendants of original Dutch settlers Britain seized Cape Colony in early 1800s; Great Trek, 1830s Conflict between Boers, Zulus, & British = Zulu & Boer Wars Colonial rule – 90% of Africa divided up by 1914 Berlin Conference, 1884-1885, met to partition the “prize“ Only Liberia & Ethiopia remained independent Institutionalized discrimination – apartheid