1. 8 Lesson 8.1: Functions and Control of the Endocrine System Lesson 8.2: Major Endocrine Organs Lesson 8.3: Endocrine Disorders and Diseases The Endocrine System

2. Lesson 8.1 Functions and Control of the Endocrine System Chapter 8: The Endocrine System

3. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Endocrine System – collection of organs & small glands that directly & indirectly influence all the functions of the body The nervous system (NS) and the endocrine system work together to regulate the body. - NS works quickly through electrical impulses and response are short lived - Endocrine system secretes hormones that are slower to react but longer lasting 8.1 Functions and Control of the Endocrine System

4. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Three main topics of discussion: – A. Anatomy of the endocrine system – B. Hormones – C. Hormone secretion control 8.1 Functions and Control of the Endocrine System

5. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 1. Some of the endocrine glands: - hypothalamus (brain) - pituitary(brain) - adrenal(pancreas) - pineal(brain) are part of the nervous system. This two system overlap allows for coordination of responses. A. Anatomy of the Endocrine System

6. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 2. Endocrine System consists of two different types of glands: Type 1 - Endocrine glands – secrete hormones (chemical messengers) – they secrete directly into the bloodstream – include: Hypothalamus, pancreas, pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, pineal, testes (males), ovaries (female) A. Anatomy of the Endocrine System

7. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Type 2 - Exocrine glands – secrete through a duct – secretions are carried to the body’s surface or to other organs – include Sweat gland (sweat) Salivary gland (saliva) Mammary gland (breast milk) Lacrimal gland (tears) Pancreas gland ( digestive enzymes) A. Anatomy of the Endocrine System

8. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. 1.Hormones are chemical messengers released into the bloodstream to influence tissues and organs. Examples: - hypothalamus controls hunger/thirst - pineal controls sleep - thyroid controls energy level B. Hormones

9. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Hormones regulate: - carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism - water electrolyte balance - reproductive activity - growth and development - energy balance They aid in the body’s response to: - disease, infection, and stress - every day functions, emotions, and behaviors B. Hormones

10. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. There are two types of hormones: - steroid hormones – lipid-based - amino acid hormones – protein-based - Most hormones are made up of proteins or protein related molecules. - Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex and reproductive glands are exceptions. B. Hormones

11. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Hormone receptors - Hormones are messengers but they can only affect those tissues or organs that have receptors that pick up the chemical messages. - Receptors are cells that respond to certain stimuli and then transmit a response - receptors for steroid hormones are located inside the nucleus of a cell - receptors for amino acid hormones are located at the surface of the cell. B. Hormones

12. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Hormone receptors - when a hormone binds to its receptor, it can influence the cell - steroid receptors inside the nucleus affect the cell’s DNA and produce an mRNA response - when amino acid hormones bind to cell surface receptors, the second messenger inside the cell produces several responses B. Hormones

13. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Hormone receptors - Activity of receptors can be: upregulated–increased sensitivity to hormone downregulated–decreased sensitivity to hormone B. Hormones

14. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Three ways hormones are controlled: –neural control (nerve fibers stimulate) Epinephrine – fight or flight –hormonal control (stimulated from other hormones) Hypothalamic - releasing hormone –humoral control (monitoring of the body) Glucagon C. Hormone Secretion Control

15. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Hypothalamus (using hormonal control)

16. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. negative feedback –mechanism that reverses a condition that has exceeded the normal homeostatic range to restore homeostasis Hormones and Homeostasis

17. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. helps regulates body temperature The Hypothalamus (using humoral control)

18. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. True or False? 1. Endocrine glands secrete hormones. 2. Endocrine glands have ducts. 3. Steroid hormones are proteins. 4. Hormone receptors can only be upregulated. 5. Glucagon is under humoral control. Review and Assessment