1. Italian Renaissance Gardens DR. LOU MILLS – SEPT 2015

2. Country Estates and Retreats Chronology  The Castle morphs into the Cloistered Gardens- 11 th Century  Crusades11 th -14 th Century  First Universities 1088- University of Bologna  Great European Cathedrals 12- 13 th Century  Black Death 1346- 14 th Century  The Renaissance Begins- 15th Century  Cathedral of Notre Dame/ Paris started in 1163 – 12 th Century  Early Agriculture and the Monasteries- Charlemagne  Cloisters in NYC - Rockefellers

3. Symbolism of Walled Garden  A pleasant and secure place, monasteries, religious zeal  Reflection and Recreation  Kitchen Garden outside the walls. Hospitals and Universities evolved from the monasteries.  Plan of St. Gall- preserved in library at St. Gall Monastery

4. Italian City States- 16 th Century  Naples, Papal;, Venice, Genoa, Florence, Milan  Trade with the Middle East and through the Crusades  Political Stability in Italian City States.  Humanist Ideals  Classical forms of education and inquiry- Theories, Hypothesis, Testing  The Villa as an expression of Humanist Ideals  The Medicis in power in Florence  Epicenter of Florence as center of wool, cloth trade.  The Villa Medicis at Careggi and Fiesole

5. Renaissance of Italian Villas and Gardens Vatican City Cortile Del Belvedere by Bramante, 1444-1514 Villa D’Este, Tivoli Pirro Ligoro 1491-1580 Cross axes of garden, view of Aniene River Water jets, fountains, music, sculpture Villa Lante, Bagnaia 1568- 1601, Vignola was designer, along with Giacomo del Duca complements street, garden and park. Sylvia Crowe mentioned the progression of water from rustic quality at top to sophisticated as it is channelized and formed into jets and waterfalls at bottom. Progression of events in the garden

10. More Villas  Villa Farnese, Caprarola, 1573  Baroque Architecture and water axis down mt. slope  Palladian Villas in Venetian Republic- Year round climate, reclamation of agricultural lands  Designer, Andrea Palladio- preeminent architecttr of Agrarian villa. Classic Roman architecture interpreted in 16 century.  Elements of harmony, dovecotes, long arched loggias, stucco finish, temples and domes.  Villa Rotunda, Vicenza

14. The Italian Piazza- City Square  Height of Renaissance, trade, church, market, public  All roads lead to Piazza  Sense of arrival

17. Key Italian Piazzas  Palazzo Vecchio over Piazza della Signoria  Piazza del Campo- Siena by Bernini  St. Peters Piazza di San Pietro by Bernini and Michangelo  Piazza San Marco- world’s greatest outdoor space and shops  Venice

18. Italian Villa/ Renaissance Landscape Design Principles  AXIAL Symmetry  Definition of Space Modulation  Edges, Boundaries and walkways  Transition using topography  Harmony of Proportion, Scale, Balance and Focus.  Baroque Garden Style and Architecture- 16 and 17 th Century