1. Period 3 - Aim: How did empires rise and collapse and in other regions new state forms emerged? - Muslim States DO NOW: 1) How would you describe the Sufi religion based on the quotes below? 2) How are these Sufi sayings different from what you know about orthodox Islam? Mansur al-Hallaj: Sayings You know and are not known; You see and are not seen. And now I am Yourself, Your existence is my own, and it is also my will. I have seen my Lord with the eye of my heart, and I said: "Who are You?" He said:"You." I do not cease swimming in the seas of love, rising with the wave, then descending; now the wave sustains me, and then I sink beneath it; love bears me away where there is no longer any shore.

2. The Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE) From Meccan merchant class Brought stability to the Islamic community Capital: Damascus, Syria Associated with Arab military aristocracy Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontent Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims Head tax (jizya) on non- Muslims Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline in moral authority

3. The Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258 CE) Abu al-Abbas Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, non-Arab Muslims Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia Defeats Umayyad army in 750 –Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not exclusively Arab) Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion (HELP or Hurt?) Content to administer the empire inherited Dar al-Islam Growth through military activity of autonomous Islamic forces WHY DECLINE?

4. Abbasid Decline Persian influence Court at Baghdad Influence of Islamic scholars Ulama (legal scholars) and qadis (judges) sought to develop policy based on the Quran and sharia Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid Provincial governors assert regional independence Dissenting sects, heretical movements Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobility Later, Saljuq Turks influence, Sultan real power behind the throne

5. Al-Andalus (Muslim Spain) Muslim Berber conquerors from North Africa take Spain, early 8 th c. Allied to Umayyads, refused to recognize Abbasid dynasty –Formed own caliphate –Tensions, but interrelationship Golden Age - Muslim rule in Spain, libraries, colleges, and public baths Arts, literatures, and architecture flourished. Different ethnicities and religions were tolerated for instance Christianity and Judaism. Almoravid rule (dynasty) Almohad rule (dynasty)

6. Formation of a Hemispheric Trading Zone Historical precedent of Arabic trade Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes –ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, 10 th century Camel caravans Maritime trade Scale of trade causes banks to develop –Sakk ( “ check ” ) Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar al- Islam promotes trade Joint ventures common

7. Changing Status of Women Quran improves status of women –Outlawed female infanticide –Brides, not husbands, claim dowries Yet male dominance preserved –Patrilineal descent –Polygamy permitted, Polyandry forbidden –Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice

8. Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition Islamic values –Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam –Establishment of madrasas –Importance of the Hajj Sufi missionaries –Asceticism, mysticism –Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians –Wide popularity

9. Dar al-Islam