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Plant Cells and Tissues

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Presentation on theme: "Plant Cells and Tissues"— Presentation transcript:

1 Plant Cells and Tissues

2 The Body’s Organization Each level represents a different compartment
Cells Tissues Tissue Systems Organs Organelles Organism

3 What is a Cell? The smallest unit of life Reproduction
Response to stimuli Metabolism Movement Complexity of Organization Adaptation to the environment

4 Anatomy of a Eukaryotic Plant Cell

5 Cell Walls

6 The Cell Wall Cell walls are: Structural
Provide defense against invading pathogens Provide pathways for communications between cells Structural components: cellulose hemicellulose (glue that holds cellulose fibers together) pectin (stiffens fruit jellies) Proteins

7

8 Cell Wall Organization
Growing plant cells produce a primary cell wall, which stretches as the cell grows A secondary cell wall may then be produced, inside the primary wall, & is strong, rigid, and thick Middle Lamella is the area between adjacent plant cells and is made of pectin

9 The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

10 Chloroplast Vary in size and shape Stroma
Thylakoids where light reaction takes place Stroma Calvin cycle sugar synthesis The chloroplast has its own genome Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy (sugars)

11 Chloroplasts of Elodea and Spyrogyra

12 Amyloplasts store Starch

13 Vacuoles stores water, ions, and nutrients
receptacles for waste products regulates turgor pressure through osmosis

14 The Central Vacuole of Plant Cells

15 Plant Tissues

16 Examples of the Different Types of Plant Cells
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma fibers and sclerids Vessels Tracheids Sieve tube members Companion cells Egg (ovum) Sperm Parenchyma:the average plant cell, Lack secondary cell walls: most metabolic functions in the plant, storage and synthesizing various organic products. Fruit= parenchyma cells Collenchyma: have secondary cell walls, function in structural support, still somewhat elastic, do not inhibit growth; EX. Strings of celery Sclerenchyma: thick secondary cell walls contain lignin, structural support, occurr in region of plant that has stopped growing in length. Fibers and Sclerids

17 Parenchyma Cells The generic plant cell Most abundant and versatile
Function: storage flesh of fruit storage in roots and seeds basic metabolism They can change and become other cells (differentiation) Alive at maturity Primary cell wall only Parenchyma Cells

18 Collenchyma Cells “glue” cells Flexible support
Found in growing shoots, stems, & leaves Differentiate from parenchyma cells Alive at maturity Primary and secondary cell walls Ex: resilient strings found in celery Collenchyma Cells

19 Sclerenchyma cells Rigid cells Function: support and strength
Thick, non stretchable secondary cell walls Dead at maturity Two Types: 1. Fibers long, slender, occur in strands Cotton Hemp Flax (Linen) 2. Sclerids short, varying shape, occur in groups Gristle in pears

20 CellsTissues Like animal cells, plant cells are organized into tissues Tissues are groups of cells that form a structural and functional unit Simple tissues have one cell type Complex tissues have two or more cell types

21 Tissues Tissue System
Tissues are organized into tissue systems Vascular plants have three tissue systems Ground tissue Energy transformation, storage and support Vascular tissue Water and nutrient conduction system Dermal tissue Covering for the plant body

22 A p i c a l M e r s t m o d b u g n v x y h f P T S C D

23 Meristems Meristems are regions of cell division
Main difference between animals and plants Birds and mammals stop growing at maturity, although certain cells get replenished (skin) Plants have the ability to keep growing their entire lives Meristems make it possible to grow a new plant from a cutting Growth in plants is the counterpart (to some extent) to movement in animals

24 Apical Meristems 1. Shoot apical meristem 2. Root apical meristem
Found at the tips of roots and shoots Increase the length of a plant

25 Apical meristems give rise to:
Three primary meristems Ground meristem Give rise to ground tissues Protoderm Give rise to dermal tissues Procambium Give rise to vascular tissue (plumbing of the plant)

26 Other Meristems: Lateral meristems
Secondary Growth Add girth (width) by producing wood and bark

27 Other Meristems: Intercalary Meristems
Why grass keeps growing back after you cut it. Grasses and related plants do not have lateral meristems Intercalary meristems add to the plants length

28 The Tissue Systems Give Rise to the Organs of a Plant

29 Ground Tissue Tissues that “ground” the plant
Fundamental tissues of a plant parenchyma collenchyma sclerenchyma Ground Tissue

30 Ground Tissues: Parenchyma
cells assume various shapes and sizes contain starch grains or other storage granules oils tannins (tanning or dyeing substances) crystals various other secretions

31 Ground Tissues: Collenchyma
Parenchyma are alive at maturity cell walls are thicker and more uneven typically longer than wide tend to be found under the epidermis provide flexible support

32 Sclerenchyma Tissues (cells) have thick, tough secondary cell walls made of lignin Dead at maturity Function in support sclerids fibers

33 Fibers are used for clothing
Cotton Linen Bamboo Hemp

34 The Dermal and Vascular Tissue Systems are made of Complex Tissues
Tissues that are made of more than one cell type Dermal Tissues Epidermis- outermost layer of cells Endodermis- second layer of cells Vascular tissues Xylem – transports water and nutrients Phloem- transports sugars

35 Dermal Tissues dermal tissues cover the organs of a plant. They are analogous to skin. epidermis outermost layer of cells usually one cell layer thick epidermal cells have a cuticle layer resistant to desiccation, bacteria and other disease organisms

36 Cuticle Wax Wax Myrtle Myrica cerifera
waxes obtained from boiling the leaves is used to make bayberry candles

37 Epidermis is made of many types of cells
Guard cells form stomata Trichomes Outgrowths – ‘hairs’ Some leaf trichomes use to keep animals away Some used to eliminate salt Some thought to increase reflection to reduce stem/leaf temperature Root hairs are a type of trichome, increase surface area to increase uptake of nutrients Glands Secrete substances like wax

38 Root Hairs are extensions of epidermal cells

39 Dermal Tissues: Epidermis
Glands secrete substances that protect the plant secrete nectar digestive glands Sundews trigger hairs of a Venus Flytrap

40 Prickles grow out of the epidermis

41 Complex Tissue: Vascular Tissues
Xylem Tissue transports water and dissolved substances through the plant to all its organs parenchyma cells fibers tracheids vessels rays

42 Complex Tissue: Vascular Tissues
Phloem Tissue transports dissolved food (sugars) through the plant to all its organs sieve tube members companion cells parenchyma fibers rays phloem

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