2. 1 THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

3. 2 Objectives Name the parts of the musculoskeletal system and discuss the function of each part. Define combining forms used in building words that relate to the musculoskeletal system. Identify the meaning of related abbreviations. After studying this chapter, you will be able to:

4. 3 Objectives Part 2 Objectives CONT’D Name the common diagnoses, laboratory tests, and clinical procedures used in treating the musculoskeletal system. Define the major pathological conditions of the musculoskeletal system.

5. 4 Objectives Part 3 Objectives CONT’D Define surgical terms related to the musculoskeletal system. List common pharmacological agents used in treating the musculoskeletal system.

6. 5 Structure and Function Forms the body framework Enables the body to ________ ________ and supports internal organs

7. 6 Bones Composed of osseous tissue Consists of a rich supply of blood vessels and nerves _______blasts are bone-forming cells Osteo_______ are responsible for reabsorbing dead bone tissue Bone cells are called _____cytes

8. 7 Ossification Bones The development of osteocytes and the hardening process is called ______________. calcium phosphorus vitamin __ Ossification depends on:

9. 8 Common Bone Categories Bones The adult skeleton has 206 bones. Common Bone Categories Long bones (_________) Short bones (_____ bones) Flat bones (_______) Irregular bones (__________) Sesamoid bones (__________)

10. 9 Parts of Long Bones Bones Parts of long bones: The shaft is the longest portion also called the _____physis. The ends are called the _____physis. Space between the epiphyses and the diaphysis is called the ______physis.

11. 10 Parts of Long Bones Part 2 Articular cartilage is a thin flexible substance that provides protection at _________ points. Medullary cavity contains ______ bone marrow. ____ bone marrow is found in infant bones and the flat bones of adults. Parts of a long bone Femur Distal epiphysis Diaphysis Proximal epiphysis Epiphyseal disks Spongy bone Articular cartilage Space containing red marrow Compact bone Medullary cavity Yellow marrow Periosteum

12. 11 Cranial Bones _________ Frontal Sphenoid Occipital Parietal _________

13. 12 Sinuses Sinuses are cavities that reduce the weight of a bone. ________ sinuses Ethmoid sinuses __________ sinuses Sphenoid sinuses

14. 13 Facial Bones Lacrimal bone Ethmoid bone _____ bones __________ bone Maxillary bones ____________ Palatine bone

15. 14 Spinal Column Consists of five sets of vertebrae Cervical = __ Thoracic = __ Lumbar = __ Sacrum = __ Coccyx = _

16. 15 Bones of the Chest _________ Scapula _________ True ribs _______ ribs Floating ribs The chest cavity is also referred to as the thoracic cavity.

17. 16 Bones of the Pelvis ilium ischium pubes pelvic cavity The pubic ___physis is where both pubic bones join.

18. 17 Bones of the Extremities Upper Arm __________ Lower Arm Ulna Radius Hand and Fingers Carpals (______) Metacarpals (palm) Phalanges (_______)

19. 18 Bones of the Extremities Part 2 Bones of the Extremities (Cont’d) Upper Leg ________ Lower leg Tibia (______) Fibula Patella (______) Feet and Toes Tarsals Calcaneus (_____) _____tarsals Phalanges

20. 19 Tendons and Ligaments ________ are bands of fibrous tissue that connect muscles to bone. _______ connect bones to other bones. A joint lubricator (synovial fluid) helps synovial joints move easier. Movement occurs at joints with the assistance of __________, tendons and ligaments. Tendons and Ligaments

21. 20 Muscles Muscles contract (shorten) and extend to provide body movement. Types of Muscles Voluntary (_______) Involuntary (______ or visceral) Cardiac

22. 21 Muscles - Fascia Muscles Most muscles are covered by a band of connective tissue called ______, that supports the muscle.

23. 22 Muscles – Origin or Insertion Lift up your right forarm to flex your bicep brachii as if making a fist. Identify the origin and insertion attachment by agreeing with one of the following statements: The radius is the origin and the scapula is the insertion. The scapula is the origin and the radius is the insertion. ---OR---

24. 23 Combining Forms Match the following combining forms and meanings. ankyl (o) arthr (o) brachi (o) calcane (o) heel bent joint arm

25. 24 Combining Forms Part 2 Match the following combining forms and meanings. carp (o) cephal (o) chondr (o) dactyl (o) kyph (o) cartilage hump head wrist fingers, toes

26. 25 Combining Forms Part 3 Match the following combining forms and meanings. my (o) myel (o) pod (o) oste (o) phalang (o) foot finger or toe bone muscle bone spinal cord; bone marrow

27. 26 Combining Forms Part 4 Match the following combining forms and meanings. rachi (o) scoli (o) spondyl (o) ten (o) uln (o) curved vertebra spine ulnar tendon

28. 27 Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Medical specialists that treat disorders of the musculoskeletal system: ______pedists _______paths Rheumatologists Podiatrists ______practors

29. 28 Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Pt 2 Performing internal examinations or the use of _-____, scans, and radiographs are often required to diagnose bone and muscle ailments.

30. 29 Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Pt 3 ________graphy _______scopy Diskography Computed tomography (CT) Myelography Electro____gram Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

31. 30 Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Pt 4 Laboratory tests measure the levels of substances found in some musculoskeletal disorders. Common laboratory tests Rheumatoid factor test Creatine phosphokin____ (CPK) Calcium Phosphorus _____ acid

32. 31 Diagnostic, Procedural, and Laboratory Tests Pt 5 Other Tests Goniometer -Tests for ____ Densitometer -Measures bone _______ Goniometer

33. 32 Pathology Causes of musculoskeletal disorders _______ defects Injury Degenerative disease Systemic disorders

34. 33 Pathology Part 2 Types of fractures ComplexIncompleteComminutedGreenstick Simple (closed)Compound (open)Colles’Impacted

35. 34 Pathology Part 3 Injury or trauma to the joints or muscle may cause a sprain. Overuse of a muscle may cause a strain. Other conditions: __________ Dislocation Subluxation _____porosis

36. 35 Pathology Part 4 Musculoskeletal Pain and Discomfort _____algia Myalgia _____algia Arthritis Tetany

37. 36 Surgical Terms Almost any major part of the musculoskeletal system can now be surgically repaired. Supportive devices _____ Splints Traction _______ devices

38. 37 Surgical Terms Part 2 _________ is the return of a part to its normal position. Osteoplasty is repair of a bone. Tenotomy is the cutting into a tendon to repair a muscle (myoplasty). ______plasty is repair of a joint. Laminectomy is removal of part of a spinal disk.

39. 38 Pharmacology Most medications treat symptoms and not the ______ of musculoskeletal discomfort.

40. 39 Pharmacology Part 2 Common medications for the Musculoskeletal System Analgesics __________ Muscle Relaxants _________