1. New Religious Orders Week 4, Lecture 3

2. The Mendicant Orders What factors led to the rise of the mendicant orders? What was radical about Francis of Assisi’s monastic vision? Why did this vision appeal to men and women in early 13 th c. Europe? How did Innocent III and the papacy benefit from the rise of the mendicant orders? What role did the orders play in the consolidation of papal power?

3. “Institutionalizing Aspirations”

4. England Henry II (r. 1154-89) –Financial, legal, and judicial reforms –Conflict with Becket and the church John “Lackland” (r. 1199-1216) –Conflict with own barons –Magna Carta, 1215: attempted political reform

5. Holy Roman Empire Frederick I Barbarossa (r. 1152-90) –Lombard League –Southern strategy: wed son Henry VI to Constance of Sicily Frederick II, HRE and King of Sicily (r. 1212- 50) –Unable to maintain unity –Enemy of the papacy –Death ended the Hohenstaufen dynasty

6. France Philip II Augustus (r. 1165-1223) –Taking territory from England in the North Battle of Bouvines, 1214 –Integrator and unifier of the “French” people Albigensian Crusade (1209-29)

7. Italy City-states! –Politically unstable, but rich Venice and Genoa emerge as naval and commercial powerhouses –“Maritime republics” with Pisa and Amalfi –Trade contacts with east

8. Towns

9. Urbanism and the Church Uncertainty Urbanized areas becoming hotbeds of heresy: Why? Persecution steps up. –Inquisition

10. Francis of Assisi Francesco di Bernadone (1181-1226) –Son of wealthy cloth merchant –Sudden conversion Living by the Gospel: NO compromise –Matthew 19.21; Luke 9.3 –Embracing the world with joy, humility, and simplicity

12. Why isn’t he a heretic?

13. Clare of Assisi July 16, 1194-1253 Not allowed to follow Francis the way she wanted to –Cloistered at San Damiano –Poor Ladies  Poor Clares Tertiaries: took partial vows and remained in the world

14. Dominicans Domingo de Gúzman (c. 1170-1221). Castilian priest. Preached Catholicism to the Cathars 1216: New order of “Preaching Friars” –Much early support from women Emphasis on education

15. Allegory of the Active and Triumphant Church. Santa Maria Novella, a Dominican Church, Florence, Italy. Early 14 th century.

17. Benefits of the New Orders Previous image: Pedro Berruguete, St. Dominic Presiding over an Auto-da-fe, 1495. Mobile strike force against heresy –Bernard Gui: a Dominican Visibility in the cities provides an alternative to heresy in the first place

18. Practicality Beats Radicality Rule of St. Francis becomes more elaborate and organized. Emphasis on study. –Roger Bacon, English natural philosopher –St. Bonaventure, Italian theologian Split in the Order: Zelati (Spirituals) and Relaxati (Conventuals) –Spirituals seen as a new heresy