1. Ch. 17: Education Earlier societies- education synonymous w/ acculturation Earlier societies- education synonymous w/ acculturation Education- a group’s formal system of teaching knowledge, values, and skills Education- a group’s formal system of teaching knowledge, values, and skills Industrialization Industrialization Universal schooling- standardized texts would instill patriotism Universal schooling- standardized texts would instill patriotism

2. Wealthy attended private schools, poor not educated Wealthy attended private schools, poor not educated 1837- “common schools” formed- free public education supported thru taxes 1837- “common schools” formed- free public education supported thru taxes 1918- mandatory education laws- req’d all kids to attend school until a specified age or grade 1918- mandatory education laws- req’d all kids to attend school until a specified age or grade Presently- 63% of all H.S. graduates enter college Presently- 63% of all H.S. graduates enter college 84% of Americans over 25 have graduated from H.S. (25% college) 84% of Americans over 25 have graduated from H.S. (25% college)

3. Global perspective Most industrialized nations: Japan Most industrialized nations: Japan Education reflects culture Education reflects culture Teamwork essential, discourage competition Teamwork essential, discourage competition Cultural contradiction- college admissions Cultural contradiction- college admissions

4. Industrializing nations: Russia Industrializing nations: Russia Socialism- education free (incl. college) Socialism- education free (incl. college) Capitalism evil, communism good Capitalism evil, communism good Presently- reinventing education Presently- reinventing education Private, religious schools allowed Private, religious schools allowed Average teacher makes $33/month (1/3 salary of average Russian worker) Average teacher makes $33/month (1/3 salary of average Russian worker)

5. Least industrialized nations: Egypt Least industrialized nations: Egypt Attendance laws not enforced Attendance laws not enforced Poor kids do not go to school Poor kids do not go to school ½ of Egyptians are illiterate (more women) ½ of Egyptians are illiterate (more women) China: 12% graduate H.S., 1% college China: 12% graduate H.S., 1% college

6. Functionalism Teach knowledge and skills Teach knowledge and skills Cultural transmission of values Cultural transmission of values Schools pass society’s core values from one generation to the next Schools pass society’s core values from one generation to the next Social integration- help mold students into a more cohesive unit Social integration- help mold students into a more cohesive unit Stabilize political system Stabilize political system Mainstreaming- incorporating students w/ disabilities into regular social activities Mainstreaming- incorporating students w/ disabilities into regular social activities

7. Gatekeeping- determining which people will enter what occupations Gatekeeping- determining which people will enter what occupations Social placement- funnels people into a society’s various positions Social placement- funnels people into a society’s various positions Tracking- sorting students into different educ. Programs on the basis of their perceived abilities Tracking- sorting students into different educ. Programs on the basis of their perceived abilities The certification of learning The certification of learning Credential society- use of diplomas/degrees as sorting devices Credential society- use of diplomas/degrees as sorting devices

8. Replacing family functions Replacing family functions Child care, sex ed. Child care, sex ed. Serve as a matchmaking institution Serve as a matchmaking institution Establish social networks Establish social networks Help to stabilize employment Help to stabilize employment Provides employment Provides employment

9. Conflict perspective Education reproduces the social class structure Education reproduces the social class structure The Hidden Curriculum- unwritten rules of behavior and attitudes that schools teach The Hidden Curriculum- unwritten rules of behavior and attitudes that schools teach IQ tests and cultural biases IQ tests and cultural biases Unequal funding Unequal funding Correspondence principle- schools reflect the social structure of society Correspondence principle- schools reflect the social structure of society Family background most important Family background most important

10. Symbolic interactionism The Rist Research The Rist Research Fast learners, average, slow learners Fast learners, average, slow learners Labels stuck Labels stuck Self-fulfilling prophecy Self-fulfilling prophecy Rosenthal-Jacobson experiment Rosenthal-Jacobson experiment 20% of students labeled “spurters” 20% of students labeled “spurters” Teacher expectations Teacher expectations IQ raised IQ raised

11. Problems in U.S. Education Mediocrity- teachers/schools lower passing scores Mediocrity- teachers/schools lower passing scores “dummying down” textbooks, SAT’s “dummying down” textbooks, SAT’s Grade inflation- higher grades given for same work Grade inflation- higher grades given for same work Social promotion- the practice of passing students from one grade to the next even though they haven’t mastered basic materials Social promotion- the practice of passing students from one grade to the next even though they haven’t mastered basic materials

12. Functional illiteracy- H.S. graduates have difficulty w/ basic reading and math Functional illiteracy- H.S. graduates have difficulty w/ basic reading and math Test taking enhancement drugs- Adderal Test taking enhancement drugs- Adderal Violence in schools- metal detectors, guards, school shootings (up or down) Violence in schools- metal detectors, guards, school shootings (up or down) Peer group most important factor of how teens do in school Peer group most important factor of how teens do in school

13. Solutions Safety- expel students who threaten the welfare of others Safety- expel students who threaten the welfare of others Higher standards- quality teachers, raise standards, parental involvement, SFP Higher standards- quality teachers, raise standards, parental involvement, SFP Vouchers- parents given voucher to be spent on their child at school of their choice (unconstitutional) Vouchers- parents given voucher to be spent on their child at school of their choice (unconstitutional) Charter schools- public schools financed by taxes but administered by independent groups Charter schools- public schools financed by taxes but administered by independent groups